Term
| The population "doubling time" equation used in class and in the textbook is based on a |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following defines "environmental geology" |
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Definition
Geological hazards, water pollution, humans, property
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Term
| Sustainability is a balance between population, carrying capacity of the Earth and |
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Definition
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Term
| People in a country like Haiti are more at risk form EQ's because of |
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Definition
| Little education, Poor quality buildings, high population densities, poor emergency response |
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Term
| One way to assess the risk of a hazard is to examine the proximity of populations to a hazard, an example is... |
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Definition
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Term
| A persons perception of risk of a hazard varies, and depends on |
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Definition
| Age, gender, experience, media attention |
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Term
| Which of the following is used to mitigate the risk of a geological hazard? |
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Definition
| Education, warning system, insurance, hazard maps |
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Term
| The 2001 Nisqually EQ was an example of a deep EQ, which are generated by |
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Definition
| Tension in the sub ducting plate |
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Term
| Tall buildings tend to shake more by waves having |
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Definition
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Term
| About how long would it take a tsunami wave generated by a subduction zone EQ off the coast of washington to reach bellingham? |
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Definition
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Term
| One mechanism that is thought to drive lithospheric plate motion is |
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Definition
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Term
| An EQ can destroy buildings. A building is safest when resting on |
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Definition
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Term
| Seismic monitoring allows seismologists to determine EQ |
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Definition
| locations, magnitudes, recurrence intervals, episodic activity. |
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Term
| Faults that generate shallow EQs in the puget sound are being discovered because of... |
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Definition
LiDAR
Light Detection and Ranging |
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Term
| Shallow EQs occur in the Puget Sound region because of |
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Definition
| Compression in the North American crust |
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Term
| Sea level is expected to rise in the decades to come because of |
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Definition
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Term
| The main sources of sediment "nourishment" for beaches along the coast of WA has diminished because of.. |
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Definition
| Dams on the Columbia River |
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Term
| Which of the following is a life line for the city of Bellingham? |
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Definition
| I-5, Electric power, natural gas, water lines |
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Term
| About how long would it take for a tsunami to travel from the Aleutian Islands to the WA coast? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most probable volcanic hazard associated with Mt. Rainier is |
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Definition
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Term
| What very important tool is used to monitor beach erosion? |
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Definition
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Term
| The mitigation plan that the city of Orting, WA has established to reduce the risk of a lahar is to |
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Definition
| Evacuate people away from the hazard |
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Term
| A monitoring technique used by the USGS for monitoring Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 was |
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Definition
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Term
| What technology is used by USGS scientists to warn airliners of ash locations after an eruption? |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of a dangerous volcanic gas that can kill vegetation and animals and humans is |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence for the recurrence interval of the Cascadia subduction zone EQ is based in part on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Far out in the ocean, tsunamis waves have wave heights in the order of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| A tsunami wave can have a wave height as large as |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of magma is associated with the formation of North Cascade volcanoes? |
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Definition
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Term
| El nino winters generated more storms and beach erosion. El ninos are caused by |
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Definition
| warming of surface waters in the eastern pacific |
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Term
| Some beach locations north of Bellingham have net-shore drift in the southerly direction. This is due to |
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Definition
| Predominant winds from the north in the Georgia Straight |
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Term
| A useful tool that engineers use to design buildings in regions susceptible to EQs are _____ maps |
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Definition
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Term
| PGA maps for Bellingham are generated using information about.. |
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Definition
| Shallow, crustal EQs, Deep EQs, Subduction EQs, EQ recurrences |
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Term
| Lahars are usually associated with volcanoes in the Cascades because the volcanoes generally have more... |
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Definition
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Term
| What satellite technique is used for measuring ground deformation near a volcano? |
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Definition
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Term
| The distance that wind travels over a water surface is called |
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Definition
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Term
| As the magma rises into a magma chamber underneath a volcano, it will expand because of... |
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Definition
| A decrease in the lithostatic stress |
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Term
| If Mt. Baker were to discharge a large ash plume, in what direction will the jet stream likely take it? |
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Definition
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Term
| The "explosive" hazards of a volcano increase when the magma has a |
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Definition
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Term
| Tectonic plate velocities on the Earth are measured using |
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Definition
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Term
| Lahars on Mt. Pinatubo are generated by |
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Definition
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Term
| A monitoring instrument that is used to record ground vibrations caused by a lahar is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Ground Shaking in Bellingham due to a subduction zone EQ (magnitude 9) could last about |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of a plate boundary are stratovolcanoes typically associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| The strength offered by air and water in the pores spaces of grains on a slope is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The strength offered by the physical interaction of grains on a slope is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The weights of grains immersed in water are reduced because of |
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Definition
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Term
| The friction force increases when the |
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Definition
| Normal force increases, coefficient of friction increases, a decrease in slope angle, Buoyancy force decreases |
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Term
| As soils become more saturated on a slope, buoyancy causes a reduction in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The Dominant 'driving' force on a slope is the force |
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Definition
| parallel to the slope incline |
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Term
| A slope becomes more "unstable" with an increase in |
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Definition
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Term
| The factor-of-safety that determines the mechanical stability of a slope is the ratio between |
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Definition
| Resisting forces/Driving forces |
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Term
| An effective way to increase the stability of a slope is to |
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Definition
| drain water from the slope |
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Term
| Clay minerals can absorb water because they are |
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Definition
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Term
| Portions of coastal Louisiana are sinking because of |
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Definition
| Consolidation of saturated loosely packed sediments |
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Term
| Trees are important for slop stability because they |
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Definition
| Intercept rain, transpire water, add root strength, reduce soil water |
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Term
| Water that infiltrates into a slope will |
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Definition
| Decrease the resisting forces |
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Term
| Rock bolts or tie-back anchors like those used on the slope on College Way increase the |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following sediments would have a higher strength due to friction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sediments along the Bellingham waterfront where WWU proposes to develop are susceptible to |
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Definition
| EQ ground shaking amplification, Liquefaction, lateral spreading, a loss of shear strength |
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Term
| In BHAM, there are regions were rapid subsidence can occur due to the collapse of |
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Definition
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Term
| Regions in the San Joaquin Valley in California have subsided due to |
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Definition
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Term
| The basement of Miller Hall on WWUs campus is settling into a deposit of |
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Definition
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Term
| Evapotranspiration is a term used to quantify |
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Definition
| Vegetation interception loss, vegetation transpiration, soil evaporation, leaf evaporation |
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Term
| the magnitude of consolidation and settlement due to a heavy structure is determined by the sediment.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which "life line" is at risk due to a landslide in the Puget Sound Landscape? |
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Definition
| Gas pipeline, railroad track, water pipeline, highways |
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Term
| In the US, over 50% of flood related deaths (humans) occur in |
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Definition
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Term
| If at a certain location in a stream the average velocity is 4 feet per second and the cross-sectional area is 20 square feet, what is the discharge of the stream at that location? |
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Definition
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Term
| Stream hydrographs serve as great stream monitoring tools. A hydrograph is a plot of stream |
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Definition
| discharge as a function of time |
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Term
| The stream discharge of a stream will increase quicker after a rainfall event in a watershed with |
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Definition
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Term
| The 100-year flood means that a flood having a large magnitude |
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Definition
| Has a 1% chance of occurring ever year |
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Term
| Flash floods tend to occur in the Smith Creak Basin in the lake Whatcom watershed because the basin has |
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Definition
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Term
| Floods tend to occur in the spring time in Minnesota because of |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides heavy rain, what other factors caused the large downstream flood on the lower Nooksack River in 1990? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which structural technique is used on the Nooksack River to mitigate floods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a nonstructural method for mitigating a flood? |
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Definition
| Flood insurance, property acquisition, forecast modeling, floodplain maps |
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Term
| After a steep section of a watershed is clear-cut logged, which of the following occurs? |
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Definition
| Roots decay after about 5 years |
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Term
| The "magnitude of hydraulic conductivity (permeability) is controlled by |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sediment has the lowest porosity? |
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Definition
| A mixture of gravel, sand, silt and clay |
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Term
| The velocity of groundwater flow is controlled by the |
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Definition
| Porosity, hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic gradient, grain size |
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Term
| A saturated geological deposit that can produce sufficient water to wells is called |
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Definition
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Term
| If an equivalent 1 inch rain fell in 24 hours on a watershed in the PNW in May and September, the hydrograph would be smaller in September because of |
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Definition
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Term
| A flood having a return period of 5 years has a ______ probability of occurring in any given year |
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Definition
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Term
| As clouds rise up over mountains, they expand, cool and produce more rain. This effect is called |
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Definition
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Term
| The source of groundwater in the Puget Sound is primarily in |
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Definition
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Term
| The sides of a cone of depression created by a pumping well would be steepest in a |
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Definition
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Term
| The most useful map that can be used to mitigate development on a floodplain is |
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Definition
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Term
| Liquefaction occurs most dramatically during an EQ in saturated |
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Definition
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