Term
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Definition
| Distribution of chromosomes (nuclear division) and cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| during this stage Cell growth and DNA replication |
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Term
| Labile cells e.g. cells of epidermis |
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Definition
| no all cells undergo the process of mitosis because they are in continuous cyclization. Give an example. |
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Term
| Stable cells e.g. skin fibroblasts, hepatocytes |
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Definition
these types of cells exit G1 to enter a quiescent stage called G0, where they are metabolically active but no longer proliferate;
If there is stimulus (e.g. injury) reenter G1
Give an example |
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Term
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Definition
| to identify DNA in what stage of the cell cycle is the incorporation of radioactive thymidine made |
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Term
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Definition
| Most animal cells proliferation is regulated in ? which is also known as the Restriction point (similar to START in yeasts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury to skin fibroblasts causes platelets to release? and then the cells can re-enter the G1 phase |
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Term
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Definition
A few cell are controlled in G2 phase (G2 to M)
Remain arrested in G2 for a long time
Hormonal stimulation
Progression to M phase
Give an example |
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Term
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Definition
Senses unreplicated DNA and prevents mitosis before completion of S phase
Also checks for DNA damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Checks for DNA damage and errors of replication |
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Term
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Definition
this check point occurs towards the end (Spindle assembly checkpoint )
Monitors alignment of chromosomes on spindle
Chromosomes not allowed to separate until a complete compliment of chromosomes is organized for distribution to daughter cells |
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Term
| minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase proteins |
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Definition
They bind to replication origins along with origin recognition complex (ORC) proteins
Can bind to replication origins only during G1 phase
Once bound allow replication to initiate
Displaced from origin as replication progresses |
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Term
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Definition
| block the association of MCM with origins during S, G2 and M phases |
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Term
| cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) |
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Definition
| are protein kinases that play a prominent role in regulating cell cycle progression |
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Term
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Definition
| are regulatory subunits required for the catalytic activity of Cdk’s |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with the restrction point |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with G1 to S |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with G2 to M |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with progression through the S phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the CDK and the Cyclin associated with S to G2 |
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Term
| Maturation promotion factor (MPF) |
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Definition
| Cdk1 + cyclin A or B --> also called |
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Term
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Definition
| Cdk-cyclin complex activation requires phosphorylation of ____ at 160 |
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Term
| Wee1 protein kinase and cdc25 family of protein phosphatases |
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Definition
| what inhibits the cdk cyclin complex by Inhibition by phosphorylation at Cdk amino terminal region |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to monomeric Cdk4 and Cdk6 --> inhibit progression through G1 |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to Cdk1 and Cdk2--> inhibit progression through all phases of cell cycle E.g. p21 |
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Term
| growth factor stimulation |
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Definition
| activates Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways--> stimulate synthesis of cyclin D1 |
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Term
| D1 complexes with Cdk4 & 6 |
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Definition
| are responsible for phosphorylation of Rb protein |
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Term
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Definition
Normally underphosphorylated, binds to E2F family of Transcription factors and keeps them inactive
Phosphorylation--> releases E2F--> activation of transcription of target genes--> one of which is cyclin E--> complexes with Cdk2 |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphorylates Rb complete inactivation
Activate MCM helicase protein replication initiation and entry into S phase |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that drive cell proliferation
Growth factors Ras, Raf, MEK,ERK & cyclin D
Mutation leads to increased cell proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
Act as brake to cell cycle
Loss of function leads to increased cell proliferation
Rb protein |
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Term
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Definition
| protein kinases which are part of protein complexes that recognize damaged or unreplicated DNA--> activate checkpoint kinases (CHK2 and CHK1 respectively)--> cell cycle arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| In addition G1 arrest is also mediated by __; it is also Transcription factor --> induces p21--> inhibits Cdk1/cyclinE complex |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation in ATM leads to? |
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Term
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Definition
| most common genetic alteration in cancers |
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