Term
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Definition
| one of four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine or uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA |
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Definition
| description of the opposing directionality of two strands in a DNA molecule |
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Definition
| chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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Definition
| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| process of manipulating organisms, cells, or molecules to produce specific products |
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Definition
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| states the flow of biological information from DNA to RNA to protein |
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Definition
| member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein |
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Definition
| situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| one of four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; pairs with guanine |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate structure found in DNA |
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme involved in making covalent links between pieces of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| principle enzyme involved in DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism in which a product of a process sends a signal to alter the rate of the process |
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Term
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Definition
| process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a gene produces its product carries out its function |
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Term
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Definition
| substance containing the genetic information of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| one of four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| referred to as the 1N number of chromosomes; it is the number of chromosomes found in the gametes of an organism and is half the number found in body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| having two different alleles for a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent |
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Term
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Definition
| having two identical alleles for a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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Term
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Definition
| breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the derived characteristics of a kind of organism |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele |
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Term
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Definition
| one of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strand that is replicated in the direction away from the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA strand that is replicated in the direction toward the replication fork |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is but in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| device used in DNA isolation and analysis; spins small samples at high rotational speeds |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that has more than two alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical or physical agents in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the genetic material of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly |
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Term
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Definition
| short DNA fragments resulting from replication along the lagging strand that are alter joined together using DNA ligase |
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Term
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Definition
| short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon |
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Term
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Definition
| in prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations |
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Term
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Definition
| short chain of covalently linked amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
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Term
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Definition
| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
| the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; need by the body for growth and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross |
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Term
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Definition
| isotope of an element that has an unstable nucleus; used as a tracer in biological research |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources |
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Term
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Definition
| the point in a DNA molecule where the double strand unwinds to allow replication of the two strands |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that binds to operator region of an operon to block transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate structure found in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of double-stranded RNA into cell to inhibit gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that links together the growing chains of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template |
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Term
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Definition
| short piece of single-stranded RNA that binds to the lagging strand to initiate DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| descriptive term used for DNA replication; refers to the fact that two DNA strands separate and are conserved in the replicated DNA as one of the final strands |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex |
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Term
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Definition
| gene located on a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| specific characteristic of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| protein used in eukaryotes to activate transcription of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base found in RNA but not DNA |
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Definition
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