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| all cells come from other cells |
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| *bacteria*less complex*fewer organelles*lack a membrane-bound nucleus |
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| *animal and plant*more complex*many organelles*have a membrane-bound nucleus |
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| provide energy by breaking down the products of digestion |
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| attached to rough ER; manufacture protein |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| communications pathway*rough part is responsible for protein snythesis*smooth is responsible for lipid synthesis |
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| secretory production line*sugars are synthesized and linked to form starches*they attach to proteins to form glycoproteins or to lipids to form glycoplipds*(brain secretes endorphins; glands secrete hormones, sweat, oils) |
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| *surrounds the cell*keeps everything*selective barrier*monitors the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.*flexible consistency*performs based on the needs of the cell |
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| "control center" of the cell*contains DNA, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope |
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| structure responsible for making ribosomes |
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| pores allow molecules to move in and out; works like a strainer; DNA can never leave the nucleus; RNA slips thru the holes to start protein synthesis |
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| *many human genetic disorders affect these organelles |
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| *cell wall that provides strength and protection*contain central vacuole that holds water; expanding water puts pressure on cell wall and makes the plant rigid so it stands up*has plastids that contain pigments; chloroplasts contain a green pigment |
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| *we have a skeleton that offers strength/protection *no vacuole *we have melanosites that give our skin color (melanin) |
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| all cells but sperm and egg* in these cells, mitosis occurs |
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| function like cellular fuses; they know how many cell divisions occur and how many remain |
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| two proteins that interact inside cells to activate the genes whose products carry out mitosis; a certain # of cyclin-kinase pairs turn on the genes that trigger mitosis |
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| sex cells that form special cells called germline cells through meiosis; gametes contain 23 diff chromosomes, so they are haploid |
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| *similar in size, shape, and presence of genes |
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(1)metacentric (centramere is in the middle)
(2) submetacentric (centramere is b/w the middle and end)
(3) acrocentric (close to end)
(4) telocentric (at end)
**humans have first three kinds** |
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Definition
| taking chromosomes, photographing, cutting them out, and putting them where they're supposed to be |
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| eace cell has 46; they exist in pairs (23 total)--one comes from each parent |
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| the different ways that genes are expressed |
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| caused by an extra chromosome 21 |
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| one X but no other X or Y chromosome |
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| 5 stages in the cell cylce (IPMAT) |
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Definition
| 1) Interphase (2) prophase (3) metaphase (4) anaphase (5) telophase |
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| when a cell is NOT dividing |
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| cells need to increase in size after they divide; they also need to make the organelles they lost during division |
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| during this, DNA will make an exact copy of itself |
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Definition
| *the two strands of DNA are identical to each other *all cells will have same genetic material *cell will keep growing until it gets so big until it has to divide or stop growing (critical size) |
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| cells that are identical (genetically the same) |
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| *nucleus begins to divide*nuclear envelope disappears, so that releases chromatin *nucleus breaks down *centrioles divide and move to opposite ends of the cell *they form spindle fibers/long microtubules *chromosomes become visible b/c of multiple recoiling |
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Definition
| *all chromosomes line up in center of cell and attach to spindle fibers *every chromosome gets its own set of spindle fibers |
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| as spindle fibers are pulled, they are pulling the single strands to opposite ends |
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| *last stage of nuclear division *reverse of prophase *nuclear membranes reconstruct and form around each chromosome strand (2 together) *spindle fibers retract and disappear*DNA starts to uncoil and becomes less visible *nucleolus starts to form *still one cell but 2 nuclei exist and it lookslike 2 cells |
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| a microtubule goes around the cell, tightens and pinches it apart so that 2 cells exist (divides cytoplasm in 2) |
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| cell builds new cell wall until 2 cells exist |
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| mitosis is the division of... |
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Definition
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| cytokinesis is the division of the... |
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| the process that makes sex cells (that are different) |
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| why dont we want gametes made by mitosis? |
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Definition
| b/c we all would look genetically the same |
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Definition
| you want 23 chromosomes, b/c those cells fertilize each other and join to produce 46 chromosomes |
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Definition
| 4 cells for males, 1 for females |
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Definition
| nuclear membrane/nuceolus disappears*spindle fibers appear*2 chromosomes will line up along next to each other, held together by connectors *they will overlap each other and separate and when they pull apart, they will exchange genetic material *this jumbles up the genetic info so that the gametes are a mixture of maternal/paternal traits |
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Term
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Definition
| *homologous chromosomes share the same spindle fiber *how they line up is not specific (random process but w/ a purpose) several combinations are possible |
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| *the whole chromosome goes one way and the other chromosome goes the other way (23 at top, 23 at bottome--reduce in 1/2, one member of each pair) |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleolus appears *cytokinesis *2 cells w/ 23 chromosomes (Double standard) in each one (diff b/c of crossing over and lining up) |
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Term
| Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase 2 |
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Definition
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| you end up w/ 4 cells w/ only 1/2 the # of chromosomes that are ALL Diff in their genetic makeup (single stranded) |
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| *takes place in the seminal vesicles *reproduce thru mitosis *become primary spermatocyte *undergo meiosis one (everything pushed towards middle) |
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Definition
| these cells undergo meiosis 2; they are now called spermatids(genetically diff) *cell becomes more elongated*are forced into the tube and become part of the semen (spermatozoa) *sperm production occurs at puberty |
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Definition
| *begins with oogonium cells (produced in teh ovaries--this occurs PRIOR to birth)*increase in size and become primary oocyte--go thru meiosis 1 to yield one large secondary oocyte and a much smaller polar body (uneven division of the cytoplasm) |
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Term
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Definition
| meiosis 2 does not occur unless fertilization occurs; as soon as the egg is penetrated by the sperm cell, meiosis 2 occurs and it yields a nucleus and 2nd polar body (large ovum); female meiosis is complete at fertilzation ; start w/ one cell and end w/one |
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Term
| why more sperm cells than egg cells? |
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Definition
| b/c many sperm die when they enter the vagina (it is an acidic environment); some arent strong enough to travel the far distance to the egg |
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Definition
| only 22 pairs of homologous chromsomes |
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| one pair of chromosomes that does not look alike--they are the 2 that are left over and make up the 23rdpair |
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| the single gene on the Y chromosome that is used to perform the gender switch (if you have it, you are male) |
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Definition
| one is considered infertile after one year of trying |
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Term
| Forms of male infertility |
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Definition
| *abnormal sperm not formed properly and they get in the way and block healthy sperm (reduction of sperm cells by 60%) if 30% are abnormal, then the male is sterile *not enuf sperm being produced(low sperm count) *cant swim(low motility) all males can undergo is SPERM BANKING which keeps combining and separating healthy sperm from unhealthy |
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Term
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Definition
| low likelihood of egg production(hormonal imbalance) *stressfulsituations--lead to anovulation *prescribe fertility medication to stimulate ovulation *blockage in fallopian tube or scarring (from STD's) |
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Term
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Definition
| in-vitro means "in glass"--pitridish combines egg and sperm cells |
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Definition
| by husband (AIH) or by donor (AID); the sperm is inserted inside the woman's uterus using a cathitar |
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Term
| artificial insemination--what does it do? |
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Definition
| it allows us to choose the sex of our offspring; it is a way to separate the 2 so we implant one type or the other, depending what gender you want; this technology is almost 100% reliable |
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Term
| methods for sex selection |
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Definition
| *abortion:as early as the 1st trimester; CVB (chorionic villus biopsy) is used to determine sex of child: uterine wall is implanted w /embryo and the fingerlike projections known as the chorionic villi are cut and we grow these cells and do karyotype--this can be done very early--with the knowledge of this, we can choose child's sex by aborting unwanted fetus |
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Definition
| done during 2nd trimester; fluid is taken, fetal cells are used, treated, photographed, arranged to make karyotype, and sex is determined |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) both genes are necessary in order for a gene to be expressed (2) sometimes 2 genes will be different from each other |
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Definition
| when alleles are the same |
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Definition
| when alleles are different |
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Definition
| the way a person looks physically |
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Definition
| a person's genetic makeup |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive disease (Tt) |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cells flatten out, stick together, and the blood clots; the gene is codominant--Hba=normal; Hbs=sickle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal dominant gene--Hh(H=huntington, h=no disease); shows up around 40's--neurological problems, loss of muscle control, change in personality, painful death |
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Term
| Is infertility a disease or a disability? |
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Definition
| *if it is defined as a disabiity, there is no obligation to treat it *it may be seen as a "Symptom" of a disease *it can be a physical thing that leads to emotional distress |
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| *rights of embryos *children seen as property *what's next?--genetic engineering, choosing sex/traits *role of women--good women produce children *price/costs-who has access? *who pays? |
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| --it is a mass of undifferentiated tissue/cells *embryos dying is a natural process |
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| personhood begins at conception; human life is sacred |
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