Term
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Definition
| the study of organisms too small to see with the naked eye. |
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Term
| What is a microorganism (a.k.a. microbe)? |
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Definition
| organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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Term
| What are the types of microorganisms? |
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Definition
| bacteria, archea, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, multicellular animal parasites, and viruses. |
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Term
| Microorganisms allow humans to prevent _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| food spoilage, disease occurence |
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Term
| Knowledge of microorganisms led to _____ to prevent contaimination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories. |
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Definition
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Term
| When naming an organism, each organism has two names: |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism's nomenclature is always _____ or _____. The genus is _____ and the specific epithet is _____. |
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Definition
| italicized, underlined, capitalized, lower case |
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Term
| Staphylococcus aureus. staphylo- describes the _____ _____ of the cells and aur- describes the _____ _____ of the colonies. |
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Definition
| clustered arrangement, golden color |
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Term
| A nomenclature of an organism can be _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| descriptive, honor a scientist |
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Term
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) honors the discoverer, _____, and describes the bacterium's habitat - the _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| Theodor Escherich, large intestine, colon |
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Term
| After the first use, scientific names may be _____, with the first letter of the _____ and the _____. |
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Definition
| abbreviated, genus, specific epithet |
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Term
| Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are bacteria mostly unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the cell walls of bacteria contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| By what process do bacteria reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do most bacteria move? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a bacterium is rodlike in shape, what is the proper term? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a bacterium is spherical or ovoid in shape, what is the proper term? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a bacterium is corkscrew-like in shape, what is the proper term? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are most archea unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are archea prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the cell walls of archea lack? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of environments do archea live in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for archea that produce methane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for archea that tend to live in extremely salty environmental conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for archea that tend to live in extremely hot environmental conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do archea cause disease in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are fungi unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of fungi are multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of fungi are unicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do fungal cell walls contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do fungi perform photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Masses composed of long filaments (hyphae) formed by fungal molds. |
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Term
| Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelles can protozoans use to move? |
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Definition
| pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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Term
| How do protozoans live as compared to their environment? |
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Definition
| free entities or parasites |
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Term
| Do protozoans reproduce sexually or asexually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are algae prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do algae reproduce sexually or asexually? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the cell walls of algae contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process do algae perform for energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what environments are algae most abundant? |
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Definition
| fresh water, soil, and with plants |
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Term
| Are algae unicellular or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are viruses unicellar or multicellular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained in a virus's core? |
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Definition
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Term
| When can virusus replicate? |
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Definition
| only when they are in a living host cell |
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Term
| When not in a host cell, what are viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it difficult to determine whether viruses are living or non-living? |
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Definition
| When they are in a host cell, they replicate. When they are not in a host cell, they are inert. |
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Term
| Are multicellular animal parasites strictly microorganisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for parasitic flatworms and round worms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do multicellular animal parasites have microscopic stages in life cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
| When classifying microorganisms, what are the three domains? |
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Definition
| bacteria, archea, and eukarya |
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Term
| Which of the three domains are prokaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four types of microorganisms are classified under the doman, Eukarya? |
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Definition
| protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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Term
| What organisms are protists? |
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Definition
| slime molds, protozoa, algae |
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Term
| What organisms are fungi? |
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Definition
| unicellular yeasts, molds, and mushrooms |
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Term
| What organisms are plants? |
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Definition
| mosses, ferns, and conifers |
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Term
| What organisms are animals? |
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Definition
| sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates |
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Term
| Ancestors of _____ are thought to be the first life on earth. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first microbes were observed in the year _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the year 1665, _____ reported that living things were composed of little boxes or _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the year _____, _____ said cells arise from preexisting cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cell theory say? |
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Definition
| All living things are composed of cells. |
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Term
| Between the years _____ and _____, _____ described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. |
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Definition
| 1673, 1723, Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Term
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to spontaneous generation, a _____ forms life. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the year 1668, _____ filled six jars with decaying meat. Three jars were sealed, in which no maggots resulted. Three of the jars were open, in which maggots appeared. What hypothesis did this support? |
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Definition
| Francisco Redi, biogenesis |
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Term
| In the year 1745, _____ put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and analyzed the results. The heated and sealed flasks produced microbial growth. Which hypothesis did this support? |
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Definition
| John Needham, spontaneous generation |
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Term
| In the year 1765, _____ boiled nutrient solutions in flasks. The heated, then sealed flask produced no microbial growth. Which hypothesis did this support? |
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Definition
| Lazzaro Spallanzani, biogenesis |
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Term
| In the year 1861, _____ demonstrated that microogranisms are present in the air by heating nutrient broth, then heating another and sealing. The unsealed produced microbial growth, while the sealed did not. What hypothesis does this support? |
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur, biogenesis |
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Term
| What shape of flask helped Pasteur demonstrate that microbes were present in the air? |
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Definition
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Term
| What years are termed the "Golden Age of Microbiology"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of sugars to alcohol in absence of air by yeasts. |
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Term
| Microbial growth is also responsible for _____. |
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Definition
| food spoilage (fermenation) |
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Term
| Bacteria that use _____ and produce _____ spoil wine by turning it to _____ (_____). |
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Definition
| alcohol, acetic acid, vinegar, acetic acid |
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Term
| Pasteur demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to _____. |
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Definition
| evaporate the alcohol in the wine |
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Term
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Definition
| the heating of beer or wine enough to kill bacteria that cause spoilage |
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Term
| In the year 1835, Agostino Bassi showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the year 1865, Pasteur believed that a silkworm disease was caused by a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1840's, Ignaz Semmelwise advocated _____ to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| I the 1860's, Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent _____ after looking at Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases. |
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Definition
| surgical wound infections |
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Term
| In 1876, Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes _____ and provided the experimental steps, _____, to prove that a specific microbe causes a _____ disease. |
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Definition
| anthrax, Koch's postulates, specific |
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Term
| In 1796, Edward Jenner innoculated a person with _____. The person was then protected from _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protection after innoculation is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment wih chemicals is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| synthetic drugs, antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
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Term
| Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1828, Alexander Fleming discovered the first _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alexander Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic called _____, that killed _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1940's, _____ was tested clinically and mass produced. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The study of fungi is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of protozoa and parasitic worms is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recent advances in _____, the study of an organism's genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of viruses is termed _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA made from two different sources is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 1960's, _____ inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and the bacteria produced an animal protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recombinant DNA technology, a.k.a. genetic engineering, involves _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| microbial genetics, molecular biology |
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Term
| Bacteria were once classified as plants giving rise to use of the term _____ for microbes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term flora, once used for microbes, was replaced by the term _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microbes normally present in and on the human body, and that are not harmful or beneficial, are called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability to ward off diseases is termed _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Emerging infectious diseases," newly discovered ID's |
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Term
| Infectious diseases are _____. |
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Definition
| pathogens that invade succeptible hosts |
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