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| (Rub-al-Khali) in the Arabian peninsula |
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| (Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut) |
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| Yemen highlands, Hijaz mts |
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| parts of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, West Bank and Gaza |
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| Egypt and Sudan; starts in sub-Saharan Africa |
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| Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Gaza and West Bank, Jordan |
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| Southwest Asia and North Africa |
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This region holds a little over 400 million people
Overall density is moderate, but physiological density (number of people per unit of arable land) is very high
Highly urban area, with some major rural populations in some countries
Oldest permanent settlements in the world |
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| Turkey (74), Egypt (73.4), and Syria (73). |
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| Settlement Patterns – Rural |
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Fertile Crescent
Pastoral Nomadism
Oasis Settlements
Rivers |
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Saudi
Arabian Irrigation
Nile Valley |
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Earliest documented agriculture occurs in Levant (Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, W. Syria), southern Turkey, northern Iraq, and NW Iran
Development of irrigation allows for permanent settlements in Tigris-Euphrates area, leading to one of the first civilizations (Sumer) |
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| farmers built gently sloping tunnels on dry alluvial fans to direct groundwater to fields and villages; over 2500 years old |
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Fragile Environment
Deforestation
Overgrazing
Salinization
Water Management |
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| Settlement Patterns – Urban |
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Increasing urbanization
Ex: Cairo |
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| Oil-rich Persian Gulf nations have most extraordinary changes in urbanization |
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| Doha, Qatar; Abu Dhabi, UAE; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Kuwait City, Kuwait |
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| earliest sedentary settlements |
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| Ur and Eridu, 25-30K people |
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| Political and religious centers |
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Ottoman Empire – Istanbul
Persian - Babylon
Arab - Damascus |
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Jerusalem
Mecca, Medina, Qom |
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| Modern cities a mix of Islamic, European colonial, and contemporary influences |
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| is present and influential, more Muslims live outside of this region and there are pockets of other religions |
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Christian heavy in Northern Africa
Minor Influences of Shiite influence |
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| Afro-Asiatic is predominant with areas of Indo European. Bermer (majority of Northern Africa) and Kurdish (towards SW Asia). |
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| Mix of agricultural and trading centers |
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| trading center (N-S, E-W) and shrine (Kaaba) locality |
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| agricultural town north of Mecca |
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Born 571 A.D. in Mecca
Became a merchant
Practiced meditation and fasting in surrounding mountains
Started preaching at age 40 in Mecca
Was oppressed by Mecca authorities and had to move to Medina in 622 due to his preaching against local cults and polytheism, as well as his gathering of followers |
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| The flight (Hijrah) from Mecca to Medina in 622 marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar |
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| The Five Pillars of Islam |
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Only one God (monotheism)
Daily Prayer facing Mecca (5 x daily)
Fasting between sunup and sundown during the month of Ramadan
Charity
Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) |
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| Believed to be the restoration of true monotheism |
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| Moses, Jesus, and many Old Testament prophets are considered true prophets, just not the highest prophet |
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| North and diffusion along North Africa |
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| Muhammad's death, there was disagreement over who should lead Muslims |
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| Pass down power through the established clergy |
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| Pass down power through Muhammad’s own family |
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Full split occurred
in 680 at battle of
Karbala, in modern
Iraq |
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| Turkish, not Arab. They were descendants of the Mongol Empire who adopted Islam. They defeated Byzantium, adopted Constantinople as their capital (changed to Istanbul) |
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| largely kept at bay by Ottoman Empire until the mid-1800s. |
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| began conquests of North Africa under Napoleon and continued to expand until after World War I (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Syria) |
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| took control of what is now known as Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, southern Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Gaza and the West Bank. |
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| Independence for these countries occurred mostly by the 1950s |
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| Saudia Arabia, Kuwait, UAE |
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| elected governments - theocratic rule |
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| Iran – elected gov. under theocratic rule (Ayatollah Khomeini) |
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| elected governments - Secular |
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| Turkey – elected gov. in secular state |
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| Setting up elected governments in post-colonial locations with historical tensions is potentially problematic |
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| historical, and recent, animosity amongst its’ own people creates major obstacles to creating a government |
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| SE Turkey, NW Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria |
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Nation with no State
Ongoing insurrection and conflict |
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| began in Tunisia in December 2010 |
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| Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen |
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| Oman, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iraq |
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| – Ben Ali overthrown 2010; representative gov in Oct 2011; ruled by moderate Islamist party |
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| Civil War; Gaddafi overthrown; National Transitional Council managing gov change; problems disarming former rebels |
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| Mubarek overthrown; transition to popular gov by military; ruled by moderate Islamist party (Mohammed Morsi) |
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| Saleh stepped down after multiple refusals and assassination attempt; now ruled by his selected successor; internal conflicts |
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Rebels want end to Baathist and Assad rule.35-40K people dead (nearly ½ civilians)
Conflict nearly statewide |
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| Syrian Civil War - Religious/Economic |
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| Religious, as well as economic and political causes; Alawite minority (including Assads) control most gov posts |
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| Romans control Judea, centered on Jerusalem |
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| After uprising, Romans destroy temple and expel the Jews from Judea in 135 C.E. – Diaspora. Other Semitic speakers move in. |
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| Byzantine Empire - levant |
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| (Eastern Roman Empire) controls the Levant until A.D. 634 |
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| Byzantine Empire - Christianity |
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Christian rule
Christianity is the dominant religion in the region at this time |
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| Muslim Arabs rule the Levant from 634-1071. Islam becomes the dominant religion in the region |
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| Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099-1291.Retaken by Arabs in 1291. |
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| Ottoman Empire - takeover |
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| takes Jerusalem from Arab Muslims and controls it until WWI |
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Arabs eventually revolt against the Turks, helping defeat them in WWI
Britain takes control of Palestine after WWI; makes conflicting promises to Jews and Arabs |
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| Christian,Armenian,Jewish and Muslim control of Holy Land. |
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| Britain’s Conflicting Promises |
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| Britain promises an independent Arab kingdom to Sharif Hussein of the Hijaz for help in fighting the Ottomans (1915) |
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a rival from interior parts of the Saudi peninsula, defeats Hussein (1925)
Britain then supports Saud |
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| Sykes-Picot Agreement (1915) |
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Secret agreement between France and Britain to divide the Mideast into spheres of influence; would place Palestine under international control
League of Nations approve division |
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| Balfour Declaration (1917): |
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“the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish people”
“…nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civic and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish communities…” |
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| Political Zionism - influenced British thought |
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1947 – UN partition
1948-1949 – war between Israel and Arabs when Palestinian Arabs reject the partition |
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| *****Israel Three Wars**** |
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1956
1967 – Six Days War; major territorial gains for Israel including Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Sinai, West Bank, Gaza
1973 |
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| oil in middle east - locations |
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| 68% of the world’s oil reserves exist from Algeria to Kazakhstan in 3 major zones |
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| Oil and gas are major parts of the economies of the region |
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| Unequal distribution of oil income in many areas, producing poverty and discontent |
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