Term
| The Digestive System is a portal for |
|
Definition
| nutrients from the environment to gain access to the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| Before nutrients can gain access into the circulatory system foodstuffs must first be |
|
Definition
| reduced to very simple molecules by a combination of mechanical and enzymatic degradation |
|
|
Term
| foodstuffs are reduced to very simple molecules by a combination of |
|
Definition
| mechanical and enzymatic degredation |
|
|
Term
| Once foodstuffs are reduced to very simple molecules through mechanical and enzymatic degradation, the resulting __________, ____________, __________, are transported across the ________________________ into the blood |
|
Definition
sugars, amino acids, fatty acids
lining of the intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 parts of the simple overview of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, Large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Food are broken down ____________ by ____________ and _______________ is added a lubricant |
|
Definition
| mechanically, mastication, saliva |
|
|
Term
| In most species saliva contains ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that digests starch |
|
|
Term
| _______________ is digested by amylase which is an enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ is the first step in the digestive process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When food is masticated it is broken down into small pieces resulting in a massive increase of _______________________ for __________________ to work |
|
Definition
| surface area, digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Mastication helps to ____________ food and transform it into _______________________ to______________. |
|
Definition
| soften, a size conducive to swallowing |
|
|
Term
| Food is _____________________ with saliva |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva is produced in and secreted from:___________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ cells in the glands secrete a fluid that contains water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes into collecting ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ancini cells secrete fluid that contains:
WEME |
|
Definition
| water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes into collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| In the collecting ducts (where ancini cells drop off fluid that is WEME) the composition of secreted fluid is _________________ (__________ reabsorbed, _________ is secreted) |
|
Definition
| altered, sodium, potassium |
|
|
Term
| the composition of secreted fluids is altered in the collecting ducts: sodium is __________ and potassium is ___________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Submaxillary Glands produce |
|
Definition
| a mix of serous and mucus secretion |
|
|
Term
| Sublingual Glands produce |
|
Definition
| primarily mucus secretion |
|
|
Term
| Saliva is effective for ______________ masticated food into a slippery bolus that should __________ easily through the esophagus w/o _____________ to the esophageal mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saliva coats the ________ ____________ and __________ mucosa and food does not touch the __________ ________ of the ________ |
|
Definition
| oral, pharyngeal, esophageal mucosa, epithelial cells of the lining |
|
|
Term
| Saliva ____________ dry food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dry food is solubilized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| taste requires that the molecules in food be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saliva constantly flushes the oral cavity of ______________ and keeps the mouth ____________ |
|
Definition
| food debris, relatively clean |
|
|
Term
| flow of saliva diminishes during ___________ allows populations of _______________ |
|
Definition
| sleep, bacteria morning breath |
|
|
Term
| saliva also contains: _____________ that ______ bacteria and prevents overgrowth of oral microbial populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saliva helps to initiate _____________ digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order for starch to be digested: the serous acinar cells secrete ______________ which begins to digest starch into ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells secrete amylase which begins to digest starch into maltose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F amylase is never present in carnivores or cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conduit from the mouth to the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ conduit from the mouth to the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there is absorption of nutrients in the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the esophageal mucosa does contain mucus glands that are expressed as food boluses distend the esophagus and help with lubrication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of peristalsis can the esophagus do? |
|
Definition
| primary, secondary, tertiary |
|
|
Term
| T/F there wont be a third peristaltic wave, you have to trigger another swallow to get primary and secondary again |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the GI tract is routinely exposed to rough abrasive foodstuffs, like fragments of bone, fibrous plant leaves, hot and cold temperatures, variations from very hot liquids to ice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The esophagus is lined with what kind of epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F stratified squamous epithelium lines the esophagus and is one of the strongest tissues in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The lower esophageal sphincter opens to allow foods from the pharynx into the esophagus |
|
Definition
| False: Upper Esophageal Sphincter |
|
|
Term
| T/F The lower esophageal sphincter is a strong ring of muscles at the bottom of the esophagus which relaxes to allow food into the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The UES and LES are always in tonic contraction |
|
Definition
| False, they lose their tonic contraction when a bolus is swallowed and ready to pass! (tricky!) |
|
|
Term
| Name the two parts of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the stomach where food enters from the esophagus and where it stays until it is ground into small fragments by digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F food stays in the fundus until it is ground into small fragments by digestive enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The part of the stomach that is the grinder where food is churned back and forth until spurts of liquid with particles of food are passed through the pylorus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four Basic Functions of Stomach |
|
Definition
1. serves as short-term storage reservoir
2. substantial enzymatic digestion initiated particularly of proteins
3. contractions of gastric smooth muscle grind foodstuffs with gastric secretions, resulting in liquefaction of food (prerequisite of delivery of ingesta to small intestine)
4. as food is liquified slowly released into the small intestine for further processing |
|
|
Term
| the stomach serves as a ___________________, allowing a rather large meal to be consumed quickly and dealt with later |
|
Definition
| short-term storage reservoir |
|
|
Term
| in the stomach, substantial enzymatic digestion is initiated particularly of __________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _________________ contracts to grind food with gastric secretions which results in ___________________ |
|
Definition
| gastric smooth muscle, liquefaction of food |
|
|
Term
| what is a prerequisite for delivery of the ingesta to the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contractions of gastric smooth muscle serve two basic functions: |
|
Definition
1. ingested food is crushed, ground and mixed, liquefying it to form what is chyme
2. chyme is forced through the pyloric canal into the small intestine a process called gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractions of the gastric smooth muscles by grinding and mixing with gastric secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chyme is forced through the pyloric canal into small intestine |
|
|
Term
Name the four secretory products of the gastric epithelium
MAPH |
|
Definition
1. mucus
2. acid
3. proteases
4. hormones |
|
|
Term
| T/F Mucus is pepsinogen that is activated by stomach acid into the active protease pepsin, which is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate rich mucus coats and lubricates the gastric surface and serves an important role in protecting the epithelium from acid and other chemical insults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrochloric acid is important for activation of pepsinogen and inactivation of ingested microorganisms such as bacteria |
|
|
Term
| T/F Hydrochloric acid actives pepsinogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Hydrochloric Acid inactivates ingested microorganisms such as bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pepsinogen is activated by stomach acid into active protease pepsin, which is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is largely responsible for the stomach's ability to initiate digestion of proteins? |
|
Definition
| protease pepsin (pepsinogen activated by stomach acid into this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gastrin is a peptide that is important in control of acid secretion and gastric motility |
|
|
Term
| _____________ a hormone that is important in control of acid secretion and gastric motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the stomach absorbs very few substances, except small amounts of lipid soluble compounds: aspirin, other non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs, ethanol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach can absorb small amounts of lipid-soluble compounds: ___________, ______________, __________ |
|
Definition
| aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ethanol |
|
|
Term
| aspirin, non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs, and ethanol are substances well-recongized to cause |
|
Definition
| gastric irritation, gastritis, gastric ulcers |
|
|
Term
| foodstuffs arrive in the small intestine already: |
|
Definition
| mechanically broken down and reduced to liquid by mastication and grinding in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| once in the small intestine ingesta (macromolecular aggregates) are exposed to _______________ and ________________ which enables digestion to molecules capable or almost capable of being absorbed |
|
Definition
| pancreatic enzymes and bile |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic enzymes and bile in the small intestine allow digestion to molecules capable or almost capable of being _________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ floods into the small intestine from the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when chyme is passed to small intestine acid must be ____________________________ to prevent damage to the _____________________ |
|
Definition
| quickly and efficiently neutralized, duodenal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| when chyme is passed into small intestine _____________________________, must be broken down much further before their constituents can be absorbed through the mucosa into the blood |
|
Definition
| macromolecular nutrients, proteins, fats, and starch must be broken down |
|
|
Term
| The _______________ helps to quickly and efficiently neutralize acid, and breakdown macromolecular nutrients, proteins, fats, and starch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insufficient secretion of pancreatic juice leads to starvation even if the animal is consuming adequate quantities of high quality food T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before constituents can be absorbed through the mucosa into the blood marcomolecular nutrients, proteins, fats, and starch must be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is an endocrine organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major hormones that pancreas secretes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ and __________ play a vital role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, absolutely necessary for maintaining normal blood concentrations of glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ is the largest gland in the body and performs and astonishingly large number of tasks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| because the liver is so complex __________ disease has widespread effects on virtually all other organ systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the liver secretes _______________ into the ______________ where they assume a critical role in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids |
|
Definition
| bile acids, small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex fluid, containing water, electrolytes, battery of organic materials including bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin that flows through the biliary tract into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are the two fundamental functions of bile in all species? |
|
Definition
1. bile contains bile acids, critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine
2. many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces |
|
|
Term
| final stages of digestion occur on the ________________________ |
|
Definition
| surface of the small intestine epithelium |
|
|
Term
| net effect of passage through the small intestine is ____________ of most water, electrolytes, and essentially all dietary organic materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the small intestine not only provides nutrients to the body but plays a critical role in ___________ and __________________ |
|
Definition
| water and acid base balance |
|
|
Term
| how long is the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the small intestine is the longest section of the digestive tube and consists of three segments forming a passage from the pylorus to the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three sections of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short section that receives secretions from the pancreas and liver via the pancreatic and common bile ducts |
|
|
Term
| What section of the small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver via the pancreatic and common bile ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Considered to be roughly 40% of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Empties into the large intestine, considered 60% of the intestine of man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of the jejunum is to _____________ |
|
Definition
| absorb nutrients that come down from above |
|
|
Term
| ultra tiny frond extend out from the lining called villi through which nutrients move into the blood stream located in what part of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| final portion of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main function is to absorb vitam b-12, bile salts and whatever products of digestions that were not absorbed by the jejunum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| final portion of the digestive tract and location of the terminal phases of digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blind-ended pouch that in humans carries a worm-like extension called the vermiform appendix (large intestine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constitutes the majority of the length of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, terminal segment of the digestive tube, continuous, with that anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Name the three segments of the large intestine: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main processes of the large intestine |
|
Definition
1. recovery of water and electrolytes from ingesta
2. formation and storage of feces
3. microbial fermentation |
|
|
Term
| recovery of water and electrolytes from ingesta in the large intestine: |
|
Definition
| by the time ingesta reaches the terminal illeum roughly 90% of its water has been abosrbed but considerable amount of water and electrolytes like sodium and chloride remain and must be recovered by absorption in the large gut |
|
|
Term
| formation of feces and storage in the large intestine: |
|
Definition
| as ingesta is moved through the large intestine it is dehydrated mixed with bacteria and mucus and formed into feces, the craftmanship with which this is carried out varies amongs species |
|
|
Term
| microbrial fermentation of large intestine |
|
Definition
| large intestine of all species teems with mircobrial life, those microbes produce enzymes capable of digesting many of the molecules that to vertebrates are indigestible, cellulose being a premier example, the exten and benefit of fermentation also varies greatly among species |
|
|
Term
| circular folds within the colon __________ and move contents along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ __________ is just above the rectum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the sigmoid colon the circular folds are ________ and more ________. These folds contract vigorously and act as a _________ to regulate the stool reaching the rectum. |
|
Definition
| deeper and frequent, brake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. barrett's esophagus
2. esophageal strictures
3. esophageal ring
4. esophageal diverticulum
5. esophageal polyps
6. esophageal cancer
7. GERD
8. Heart burn and reflux
9. chron's disease
10. hiatus hernia
11. diverticulosis and diverticulitis
12. irritable bowel syndrome
13. pancreatic diseases
14. hepatic diseases |
|
|
Term
| heartburn is a _______________ felt behind the breastbone and sometimes in the neck and throat, caused by stomach acid refluxing or splashing into esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ or __________ temporarily relieves heartburn for most people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LES is too weak to stay contracted stomach juices seep back into esophagus |
|
|
Term
| the most common causes of reflux are from: ____________________ or _______________ which cause pressure in the stomach to rise, overpowers LES muscles |
|
Definition
| eating large meal, swallowing air |
|
|
Term
| 10 other factors that reduce the LES pressure and allow reflux: |
|
Definition
1. nicotine
2. fried fatty foods
3. caffeine
4. citrus fruits and juices
5. peppermint and spearmint
6. alcohol
7. pregnancy
8. lying flat
9. hiatus hernia
10 certain perscription medicines |
|
|
Term
______ percent of population experience reflux daily, common
____ of pregnant women have heartburn, common rarely life threatening
severe cases can result in injury to lower esophagus that requires treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three tests one can use to diagnose reflux: |
|
Definition
1. Upper GI series
2. Upper GI endoscopy
3. Esophageal Manometry |
|
|
Term
| patient drinks liquid barium and x-rays are taken of the esophagus and stomach to see how they function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the patient is given a mild sedative, then an endoscope is inserted into the esophagus to visually inspect the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this test measures the pressures within the esophagus especially the LES pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| persistent acid in lower esophagus causes _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue damage in the lower esophagus due to reflux can result in: |
|
Definition
1. chronic bleeding and anemia
2. scar formation and narrowing of lower esophagus
3. barret's esophagus can occur when reflux irritate the lower esophagus over long period of time. the stomach lining then actually grows into the esophagus. In these cases, there is a slight but definite risk of cancer developing
4. lung problems can develop when reflux results in stomach fluid being aspirated it often occurs at night when a patient is lying down. this causes wheezing bronchitis and even pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflux protocol: 8 things to do |
|
Definition
1. eat smaller more frequent meals
2. do not lie immediately after eating, 2+ hours before going to bed
3. excess bending, exercise, girdle promote reflux
4. lose weight
5. stop smoking nicotine weakens LES
6. avoid fatty food, alcohol, coffee, nicotine, peppermint
7. elevate head 8 to 10 inches (cinder blocks pillows)
8. prescriptions weaken LES review all meds |
|
|
Term
| peppermint is a carmatent but produces more: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take 30-60 minutes after eating a meal and at bedtime, liquids preferred to tablets with strongest being Maalox II Mylanta II Gelusil II, Extra Strength Riopan |
|
|
Term
| Prescription meds for reflux: |
|
Definition
| reduce or eliminate secretion of stomach acid and increase strength of LES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fundoplication is done to tigheten the muscle within the lower esophagus and so prevent reflux of stomach acid into esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Main tool to markedly reduce stomach acid |
|
Definition
| proton pump inhibitors: prilosec, prevacid, aciphex, protonix, nexium taken twice a day zantac, pepcid, axid, tagamet also available |
|
|
Term
| Reglan is a drug that __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When tissue damage occurs in the esophagus because of persistent exposure to gastic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. inflammation and erythema
2. Erosion
3. deep ulceration in severe cases barret's |
|
|
Term
| abnormal growth of intestinal-type cells above this border into the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| since cells lining the small intestine are protected from contact with acid their growth may actually be a ____________________ in barret's esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barret's esophagus: growth of intestinal-type cells may protect normal tissue in esophagus against further damage by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progression of Barret's Esophagus into cancer occurs when cells develop abonormal changes known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over a period of 2-5 years dysplasia may then progress to low grade then high grade dysplasia to finally ___________. Only happens in 1-5% of patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there are medications to reverse barret's esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| newer treatments of barret's esophagus involve |
|
Definition
| destruction of abnormal cells in esophagus w/o need for major surgery |
|
|
Term
| diaphragm is a _________________ separates the ________ from __________. When a person takes a deep breath, the dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens pulling air into the lungs |
|
Definition
| sheet of muscle, lungs from abdomen |
|
|
Term
| the diaphragm contains a small __________ through which the ________ passes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally the hole in the diaphragm is small and fits snugly around the esophagus calling it a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a hiatal hernia the hiatus ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F it is known why a hiatal hernia occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a hiatal hernia: a portion of the ___________ herniates or moves up into the chest cavity wall through the enlarge hold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F hiatal hernias are common occuring in up to 60 % of people by age 60 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of hiatal hernias |
|
Definition
1. sliding hiatus hernia
2. fixed hiatus hernia
3. complicated or serious hiatus hernia |
|
|
Term
| the most common type of hiatus hernia, herniated portion of stomach slids back and forth into and out of the chest, these hernias are normally small and usually cause no problems or even symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in this case the upper part of the stomach is caught up in the chest. even with the hernia, there may be few symptoms, however, the potential for problems in the esophagus is increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complicated or serious hiatus hernia |
|
Definition
| uncommon, variety of patterns of herniation of the stomach, including cases in which the entire stomach moves up in the chest, there is a high likelihood that medical problems will occur with this hernia and that treatment frequently involving surgery be required |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of hiatal hernia typically made through |
|
Definition
| upper GI study: a complementary test is gastroscopy or upper-intestinal endoscopy |
|
|
Term
| complications of hiatal hernia (5) |
|
Definition
1. chronic heartburn inflammation of lower esophagus: reflux esophigitis
2. anemia due to chronic bleeding from lower esophagus
3. scarring and narrowing of the lower esophgus causing difficulty in swallowing
4. sleeping, stomach secretions can seep into esophagus into lungs casuing chronic cough wheeze pneumonia
5. difficulty breathing severe chest pain in elderly |
|
|
Term
| treatment for hiatal hernia |
|
Definition
1. reflux protocl
2. medication for GERD
3. surgery |
|
|
Term
| T/F the mere presence of hital hernia is a reason for surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| esophageal strictures are most often __________ and caused by acid refluxing into the lower esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an esophageal stricture, the inflamed tissue breaks forming scars and causes contraction which _________________ and obstructs food into stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for strictures (3). |
|
Definition
1. esophageal dilation: stretch open the narrowed or blocked portion of esophagus
2. usually perfomred with good effectiveness and no problems
3. severe complications can be excessive bleeding and or esophgeal tear |
|
|
