Term
| specific receptor for that neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| The capacity of a cell to respond to a particular molecule depends on the presence of a _____. |
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Term
| No; can get maximum response with less than 100% of receptors |
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Definition
| Are receptors saturated? Can there be a response without 100% of the receptors bound? |
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Term
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Definition
| Adipocytes maximum stimulation of glucose oxidation occurs with ____ of receptors bound. Leydig cell maximum stimulation of testosterone occurs with ____ occupied. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors involved in dose response are called... |
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Term
| transduction: second messengers cAMP, cGMP |
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Definition
| What does initial binding cause? What are involved? |
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Term
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Definition
| Do all cells react the same to a neurotransmitter? |
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Term
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Definition
| What kind of ligand-receptor interaction may cause the binding of one site to affect additional binding? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the most common receptor that can activate itself? |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ receptors are indirectly linked with ion channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins. |
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Term
| seven transmembrane domains |
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Definition
| What is the key structural feature common to all G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)? |
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Term
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Definition
| What three subunits do G-proteins have? |
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Term
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Definition
| How many subunits in the G-protein are coupled to an adrenergic receptor? |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cleaves a membrane phospholipid to generate IP3 and DAG. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the ligand that opens the ligand-gated Ca++ channel in the endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the factor that binds to and activates protein kinase A? |
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Term
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Definition
| G-binding protein in retina |
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Term
First messenger activates receptor
Activates second messenger
Second messenger activates kinase molecule (originally kept close by a regulatory molecule)
Phosphorylation causes activation of protein |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Which subunit is variable? |
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Term
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Definition
| Four main secondary messengers: |
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Term
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Definition
| Four kinds of protein kinases: |
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Term
| Addition of P on serine or threonine residues |
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Definition
| Function of protein kinases: |
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Term
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Definition
| Which protein kinase functions as a dimer? |
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Term
Addition of P to itself or other tyrosine residues
Recruits other proteins as well |
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Definition
| Functions of tyrosine kinase: |
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Term
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Definition
| Who discovered calmodulin? |
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Term
1. Receptor activation
2. Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels |
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Definition
| Two mechanisms which lead to increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentration |
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Term
1. Ca++ channels open in response to a first messenger
1a. Channel may be opened or may activate G protein which opens channel
2. Ca++ is released from the ER which is mediated by IP3
3. Ca++ transport out of cell is inhibited by second messenger |
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Definition
| Explain receptor activation that leads to increase in cytosolic Ca++ concentration |
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Term
1. Ca++ binds to calmodulin
2. Ca++ combines with proteins other than calmodulin
3. Ca++ combines and alters proteins directly |
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Definition
| How can calcium induce cell responses? |
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