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Definition
| important for renal Mg absorption |
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Definition
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| Information encoded in a DNA molecule is transcribed via synthesis of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotide or nucleic acid is composed of: |
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Definition
1. nitrogenous base
2. five-carbon sugar
3. phosphoric acid
in equal amounts
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Term
| six membered heterocyclic aromatic ring containing two nitrogens |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| 2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methyl pyrimidine |
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Definition
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Term
| Does deoxyribose sugar or ribose sugar have and OH group on C2 position? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| base linked to sugar via ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytosine is called ______ as a nucleoside |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| Which Carbon OH is esterified to create a nucleotide |
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Definition
C-5' OH
so ribonucleotide has 5' phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
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| Which RNA makes up the smallest percentage of total cell RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What RNA makes up the biggest portion of RNA? |
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Definition
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Term
Which is the coding sequence?
introns or exons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of RNA are protein and what portion RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the terminal sequence of tRNA |
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Definition
| 3'-terminal sequence is always CCA |
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Term
| What are enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA secondary structure is due to ____ |
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Definition
| intrastrand hydrogen bonds |
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Term
| What are the subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes? |
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Definition
| 40S and 60S..... 80S total |
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Term
| What are the subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes? |
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Definition
30S and 50S
prokaryotes= 70S |
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Term
| Is DNA or RNA more stable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vicinal -OH groups (2' and 3') in RNA make it more susceptible to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T/F The pyrimidine ring and purine ring are both soluble in water |
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Definition
| False. both insoluble due to AROMATIC character |
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Term
| T/F the sugars that form nucleosides are always pentoses |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F the sugars make nucleosides more water soluble than free base |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the glycosidic bond between sugar and base occur in purines? |
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Definition
| sugar a C'1 position to 9N of base |
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Term
Where does the glycosidic bond between sugar and base occur in pyrimidines?
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Definition
| sugar C'1 position to the 1N of base |
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Term
| What is an uncommon ribonucleoside? |
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Definition
| inosine... similar to guanosine |
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Term
| Pyrimidine nucleosides adopt which conformation |
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Definition
| anti only.. syn is sterically hindered |
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Term
| ____ drives protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ drives lipid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ drives carbohydrate metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are signal molecules and regulators of cellular metabolism and reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ serve as recognition units but NOT involved in the biochemistry of metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Who's xray fiber diffraction showed that DNA had helical structure |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Erwin Chargaff do? |
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Definition
| showed number of purines equals the number of pyrimidines |
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Term
| How many H-bonds btwn A and T |
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Definition
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Term
| How many H-bonds btwn C and G |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure of DNA is left handed and rich in G-C regions |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure of DNA is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which secondary structure of DNA is right handed, short and broad, and can be created artificially from dehydrated DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ results in strand exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of recombination plays a role in maintainence of a healthy genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of recombination plays a significant evolutionary role? |
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Definition
| nonhomologous and transposition! |
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Term
| is AZT or AZTTP the substrate analog that binds to HIV reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What initiates recombination in bacterial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ forms nucleoprotein filament for strand invasion and homologous pairing |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ drive branch migration and help to resolve the Holliday junction into recombination products |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is a recombination "hotspot" and there are more than 1000 in E.coli |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are chemical reactions that reverse the damage, returning DNA to its proper state |
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Definition
| direct reversal repair systems |
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Term
| Double stranded breaks that occur in the S phase of cell cycle can be repaired through ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Ku70/80 used in homologous or nonhomolohous double stranded DNA repair |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______ DNA glycosylase removes damaged base, creating an "AP site" |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ formed by UV radiation can be repaired by photolyase |
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Definition
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Term
| Photolyase breaks _____ formed by UV radiation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of point mutations? |
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Definition
| transition and transversion |
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Term
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Definition
Exchange a purine for a pyrimidine
or vice versa
transVERsion= VERY different |
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Term
| Insertions and deletions result in ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is when chromosome segments are swapped |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 ways that nitrosoamines are mutagenic? |
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Definition
| can react to yield HNO2 (nitrous acid) or can act as alkylating agents |
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Term
| Chemical mutagen nitrous acids converts cytosine to ______ and adenine to ________ |
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Definition
cytosine to uracil
adenine to hypoxanthine |
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Term
| chemical mutagen hydroxylamine reacts with _______ converting it to derivative that base pairs with _____ |
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Definition
| cytosine base pairs with adenine instead of guanine. |
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Term
chemical mutation
alkylation of G residues gives methylguanine which base-pairs with _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a very potent mutagen used in laboratories to induce mutation in experimental organisms |
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Definition
nitrosoguanidine
note: ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) and dimethyl sulfate are also favorites mutagens among geneticists |
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Term
| In the prokaryotic RNA polymerase the holoenzyme ____________ |
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Definition
| catalyzes initiation of RNA synthesis at the promoter |
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Term
| in the prokaryotic RNA polymerase the ________ catalyzes elongation of the RNA chain |
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Definition
core enzyme
note: core enzyme same as holoenzyme minus the sigma |
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Term
| In prokaryotic RNA polymerase ________ binds ot the beta subunit and blocks the 1st phosphodiester bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of an inhibitor of transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that intercalates between G-C base pairs binding to DNA and blocking all transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a metabolite that is a co-repressor |
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Definition
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