Term
| Central Nervous System is responsible for |
|
Definition
| integrating processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands. |
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Term
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Definition
| brings info to CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs |
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Term
| Somatic Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
| provide position touch, pressure, pain and temperature sensations |
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Term
| Special Sensory Receptors provide |
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Definition
| sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing |
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Term
| Visceral Sensory receptors monitor |
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Definition
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Term
| The motor division of PNS carry motor commands from CNS to |
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Definition
| peripheral tissues and systems |
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Term
| Somatic Nervous System controls |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle contractions |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervous system provides |
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Definition
| automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| where neuron communicates with another cell |
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Term
| The cervical enlargement supplies |
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Definition
| nerves to shoulder and upper limbs |
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Term
| The lumbar enlargement provides |
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Definition
| innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs |
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Term
| The filum terminale provides |
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Definition
| longitudinal support to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| physical stability and shock absorption |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal Fluid acts as |
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Definition
| a shock absorber and diffusion medium |
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Term
| posterior gray horn contains |
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Definition
| somatic and visceral sensory nuclei |
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Term
| lateral gray horn contains |
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Definition
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Term
| anterior gray horn contains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| motor commands to peripheral effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory information toward the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| motor commands to the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other side at the |
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Definition
| anterior white commissure |
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Term
| The dorsal ramus innervates |
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Definition
| the muscles, joints, and skin of the back |
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Term
| The ventral ramus innervates |
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Definition
| structures in lateral and anterior trunk as well as the limbs |
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Term
| Each ramus of a spinal nerve provides |
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Definition
| motor and sensory innervation |
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Term
| The sympathetic nerve carries |
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Definition
| sensory information from the visceral organs |
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Term
| The phrenic nerve provides |
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Definition
| the entire nerve supply to the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
the spread of the information from one neuron to several neurons.
permits broad distribution of a specific input |
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Term
| Parallel processing occurs |
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Definition
| when several neurons process the same information at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| information is relared in a stepwise fashion from one neuron to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| when seeveral neyrins synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| postsynaptic neurons are further stimulated by collateral branches of axons extending back toward the source of an impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli. provide homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the function of organs or organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| wiring of a single reflex |
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Term
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Definition
1. arrival of a stimilus/activation of a receptor
2. activation of a sensory neuron
3. information processing
4. activation of a motor neuron
5. respons of a peripheral effector |
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Term
| Innate Reflexes result from |
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Definition
| connections that form between neurons doring development. They are generally gentically programed. i.e. chewing. |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid and automatic. they are learned rather than programmed. enhanced through repitition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechinism for involuntary control of skeletal muscles. they are immediate. |
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Term
| Visceral reflexes/autonomic control |
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Definition
| or adjust the activities of smooth, cardiac, muscles, glands and adipose tissue |
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Term
| Polysynaptic reflexes invovle |
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Definition
| at least one interneuron in addition to a sensory neuron and a motor neruon. longer delay between stimuli and reponse |
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Term
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Definition
| the simpilist reflex arc. only one synapse invovled. small delay. |
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Term
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Definition
| the important events occur in nuclei of the spin cord all in a single spinal segment |
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Term
| The Stretch Reflex invovles |
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Definition
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Term
| Five Steps of a Stretch Reflex |
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Definition
1. Arrival of Stimilus/Activation of Receptor
2. Activation of a Sensory Neuron
3. CNS Information Processing
4. Activation of a Motor Neuron
5. Response of Peripheal Effector |
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Term
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Definition
| helps up maintain upright posture |
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Term
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Definition
| moves affected parts of a body away from a stimilus. |
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Term
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Definition
| affects muscles of a limb |
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Term
| Properties of Polysynaptic Reflexes |
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Definition
pools of interneurons
intersegmental in distribution
reciprocal inhibition
reverberating circuits
may produce a coordinated controlled response |
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Term
Functions of the Cerebrum include
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Definition
| concious thought, memory storage and processing, sensory processing, and regulation of skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| deep grooves that subdivide the cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in the cerebral cortex which increase its surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| shalllow depressions in cerebral cortex which divide the gyri |
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Term
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Definition
| relay and processing centers for sensory information |
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Term
| The hypothalamus contains |
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Definition
| centers involved with emotions, autonomic function and hormone production |
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Term
| The functions of the Cerebellum are |
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Definition
| coordination and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Function of the Midbrain are |
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Definition
| nuclei that process visual amd auditory information and controls reflexes triggered by those stimuli. also has centers that help maintain consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclei that function in somatic and visceral motor control. also has tracts and relay centers |
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Term
| The medulla oblongata relays |
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Definition
| sensory information to other portions of brain stem and thalamus. also has major centers that regulate autonomic function such as heart rate and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| additional stabilaztion and support to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| circulates choroid plexues through the ventricles, fills central canal, serves as diffusion medium |
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Term
| The nucleus gracilis relays |
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Definition
| somatic sensory information to the thalamus |
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Term
| The olivary nuclei relays |
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Definition
| information from the red nucleus to the cerebellum |
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Term
| The solitary nucleus intergrates and |
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Definition
| relays visceral sensory information to autonomic processing centers |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate heart rate and force of contraction |
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Term
| Vasomotor centers regulate |
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Definition
| distribution of blood flow |
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Term
| Respiratory rthymicity centers |
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Definition
| set the pace of respiratory movements |
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Term
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Definition
| contain sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves |
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Term
| Ascending and Descending Tracts link |
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Definition
| brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
| Nuclei associated with crainal nerves V, VI, VII, VIII relay |
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Definition
| sensory information and issu somatic motor commands |
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Term
| The cranial meninges and CSF protect and support the |
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Definition
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Term
| Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers adjust |
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Definition
| activities of the respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory information and motor information to the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
Relay Centers
Apneustic/pneumotaxic centers
nuclei with cranial nerves V-VIII
White matter:
ascending, descending tracts
transverfibers |
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Term
| Ascending Tracts of the Pons |
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Definition
| carry sensory information from nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis to the thalamus |
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Term
| Descending Tracts of the Pons carry |
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Definition
| motor commands from higher centers to motor nuclei of cranial or spinal nerves |
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Term
| Transverse fibers of the Pons |
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Definition
interconnects processing centers in the cerebellar hemispheres
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Term
| The cerebellum coordinates |
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Definition
| learned and reflexive patters of muscular activity at the subconcious level |
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Term
| The cerebullum coordinates rapid automaic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium by |
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Definition
| modifiying the activities of motor centers in the brain stem |
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Term
| Gray Matter of the Cerebellum are |
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Definition
cerebellar cortex
cerebellar nuclei |
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Term
| The cerebellar cortex does |
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Definition
| involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements |
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Term
| The cerebellar nuclei does |
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Definition
| involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements |
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Term
| White Matter of the Cerebellum |
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Definition
Arbor Vitae
Cerebellar peduncles- superior, middle, inferior
Transverse Fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar peduncles |
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Term
| Superior cerebllar peduncle links |
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Definition
| the cerebellim with midbrain, diencephalon and cerebrum |
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Term
| The Middle Cerebellar Peduncle contains |
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Definition
| transverse fibers and carries communications between the ponas and cerebellum |
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Term
| The Inferior Cerebellar peduncle links |
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Definition
| the cerebellum with the medulal oblongata and spinal cord |
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Term
| Transverse Fibers of the Cerebellum interconnect |
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Definition
| pontine nuclei with the cerebellar hemisphere on the opposite side |
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Term
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Definition
| a disturbance in muscular coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory and visual reflexes and controls alertness |
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Term
| The red nucleus of the midbrain receives |
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Definition
| information from cerebrum/cerebellum and issues subconcious motor commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone |
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Term
| The Substantia nigra has dark pigmented cells which adjust |
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Definition
| acitivity in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum |
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Term
| Stimulation of the reticular activating system |
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Definition
| makes one more aler and attentive, damage to it produces unconciousness |
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Term
| Each inferior collicus receives |
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Definition
| auditory data from nuclei in the medulla oblongata/pons and controls reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli |
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Term
| The superior colliculus recieves |
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Definition
| visual inputs from the thalamus and controls the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli |
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Term
| The corpora quadrigemina are |
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Definition
| sensory nuclei in the midbrain |
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Term
| Gray matter of the midbrain: |
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Definition
TectumL colliculi
walls and floor:
red nuclei, nigra, formation, other nuclei |
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Term
| The sueropr colliculi intergrates |
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Definition
| visual information with other sensory inputs, and initiates reflec responses to visual stimili |
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Term
| The inferior colliculi relays |
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Definition
| auditory information to mdeial nulcei, and initiates reflex responses to auditory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| subconcious control of upper limb position |
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Term
| The substantia nigra regulates |
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Definition
| activity in the basal nuclei |
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Term
| The reticular formation processes |
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Definition
incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands, can initiate involuntary motor responses to stimuli
helps maintain conciousness |
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Term
| White matter of the Midbrain |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebral peduncles connect |
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Definition
| primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and spinal cord, carry ascending sensory information to the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| final relay point for ascending sensory information which will be relayed to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Components of the Thalamus |
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Definition
Anterior, medial, Ventral group of nuclei
Posterior group: pulvinar, lateral and medial geniculate
lateral group |
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Term
| The medial group of the thalamus integrates |
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Definition
| sensory information for projecton to the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| The ventral group of the thalamus projects |
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Definition
| sesnsory information to the primary sensory cortex, relays information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to the motor area of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| The pulvinar of the thalamus integrates |
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Definition
| sensory information for projection to association areas of the cerbral cortex |
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Term
| the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus projects |
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Definition
| visual information to the visual cortex |
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Term
| the medial geniculate nuclei projects |
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Definition
| auditory information to the auditory cortex |
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Term
| the lateral group of the thalamus integrates |
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Definition
| sensory information and influences emotional states |
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Term
| the preoptic area of the hypothalamus regulates |
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Definition
| body temperature via coordinated adjustments in blood flow and sweat gland activity |
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Term
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus coordinates |
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Definition
| day/night activity cycles of activity/inactivity |
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Term
| The mamillary bodies control, |
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Definition
| reflexes such as lickng and swallowing |
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Term
The limbic system functions are
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Definition
establishing empotional states
linking the concious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconcious and autonomic functions of the brain stem
facilitating memory storage and retrieval |
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Term
| The amygdaloid body of limbic lobe plays a role in |
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Definition
| regulating the heart rate, fight or flight response, linking emotions with specific memories |
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Term
| The hippocampus is importing in |
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Definition
| learning, particularly storage and retrieval of long term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| sunconcious control of skeletal muscle tone and help coordinate learned muscle patterns. provide general pattern once movement is underway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The primary sensory cortex receives |
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Definition
| sensory information that reaches our concious awareness |
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Term
| Each cerebral hemispehre receives sensory information from and sends motor commands to.. |
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Definition
| the opposite side of the body! |
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Term
| The primary motor cortex issues |
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Definition
| voluntary commands to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| the primary sensory cortex receives |
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Definition
| general somatic sensory information |
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Term
| Association areas of the cortex interpret |
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Definition
| incoming data or coordinate a motor response |
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Term
| The somatic motor association area is responsible for |
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Definition
| coordination of learned movements |
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Term
| The gustatory cortex of the insula receives |
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Definition
| information from taste receptors |
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Term
| The olfactory cortex receives |
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Definition
| sensory information from the olfactory receptors |
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Term
| the primary auditory cortex is responsible for |
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Definition
| monitoring auditory information |
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Term
| The auditory association area monitors |
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Definition
| sensory activity in the auditory cortex and recognizes sounds such as spoken words |
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Term
| The speech center (Broca) |
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Definition
| typically in left hemispher, regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech |
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Term
| The prefrontal cortex coordinates |
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Definition
| information relayed from the association areas of the cortex. also predicts consequences of events or actions |
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Term
| The frontal eye field controls |
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Definition
| learned eye movements..such as scanning lines of text |
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Term
| The general interpretive area "Wernicke" receives |
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Definition
| information from all of the sensory association areas, usually only on one hemisphere, the left, interegrates sensory information and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories |
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Term
| The somatic sensory association area monitors |
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Definition
| activity in the primary sensory cortex..it allows one to recogize a light touch |
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Term
| The primary visual cortex receives |
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Definition
| information from the lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus |
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Term
| the visual association area monitors |
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Definition
| the patterns of activity in the visula cortex and interprets the results |
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Term
| In most people the left hemisphere contains |
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Definition
| general interpretive and speech centers and is responsible for language based skills such as reading writing and speaking |
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Term
| The right cerebral hemisphere analyzes |
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Definition
| sensory information and relates the body to the sensory envitiment. for example identify through taste, touch, smell sight, or feel |
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Term
| Association fibers interconnect |
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Definition
| areas of neural cortex within one cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
| The longitudinal fasciculi connect |
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Definition
| the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere |
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Term
| Commissural fibers interconnect |
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Definition
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Term
| The corpus callosum allows |
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Definition
| communication and coordination between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
| The anterior commissure provides |
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Definition
| another route for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| The olfactory cranial nerve I functions as...and innervates... |
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Definition
sepcial sensory
olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| the optic II cranial nerve... |
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Definition
also special sensory
retina of the eye |
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Term
| the oculomotor III nerve functions, innervates |
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Definition
motor function
all rectus, inferior oblique, basically..eye muscles |
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Term
| the primary function and inervation of the trochlear IV nerve |
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Definition
| motor, superior oblique muscle |
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Term
| The primary function and innervation of Trigeminal V |
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Definition
| mixed, areas associated with the jaws |
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Term
| the primary function and innervation of Abducens VI |
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Definition
| motor, lateral rectus muscle |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Facial VII |
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Definition
Mixed,
taste receptors on anterior two thirds of tongue
muscles of facial expression
lacrimal gland
submandiblar gland
subligual salvariy gland |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Vestibulocochlear |
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Definition
special sensory
cochlea and vestibule
(hearing - motion/balance) |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Glossopharyngeal IX |
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Definition
Mixed
Posterior third of tongue, pharynx/part of palate, receptors for blood pressure, pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations
pharyngeal muscles and parotid salivary gland |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Vagus X |
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Definition
Mixed
pharynx, auricle/external acoustic canal, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities
palatal and pharyngeal muscles and visceral organs |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Accessory Nerve XI |
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Definition
Motor
skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle |
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Term
| Function and Innervation of Hypoglossal XII |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
pain receptors, free nerve endings
two types: A and C fibers that carry pain |
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Term
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Definition
| temperature receptors, free ner endings in dermis, liver, skeletal muscles, hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
| to water soluble and lipid soluble substances that are dissovled in body fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to stimuli that distort their plasma membranes |
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Term
| Mylenaited Type A fibers carry sensations of |
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Definition
fast pain or prickling pain
i.e. injection or deep cut |
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Term
| Slow, unmylenaited Type C fibers carry |
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Definition
| sensations of slow pain or burning/aching pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the positions of joints and muscles... |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels |
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Term
| Tonic receptors are always |
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Definition
| active and generate action potentials at a frequency that reflects the background level of stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| normally inactive, but can become inactive for a short time in response to a change in conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulis |
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Term
| Free Nerve Endings are the |
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Definition
branching tips of sensory neurons
not protected and are nonspecific |
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Term
|
Definition
| fine touch and pressure receptors |
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Term
| Tactile corpsulces provide |
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Definition
| sensations of fine touch and pressure and low frequency vibration .adapt very quickly |
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Term
| Lamellated corpuscles are |
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Definition
| sensitive to deep pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to pressure and distortion of the deep dermis |
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Term
| the anterior spinothalamic tracts carry |
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Definition
| crude touch and pressure sensations |
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Term
| the lateral spinothalamix tracts carry |
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Definition
| pain and temperature sensations |
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Term
| the second order neurons synapse |
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Definition
| in the ventral nuclei of the thalamus |
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Term
| the posterior column pathway carries |
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Definition
| sensations of highly localized fine touch pressure, vibration, and proprioception |
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