Someone who is against icons in thier religious practice.

Irene

(chapter 3)

1. The widow of Leo IV who became the empress of Byzantium
2. Was a secret iconophile.
3. Her son is Constantine VI.

Nicephorus I

(chapter 3)

1. 802-811
2. Emperor of W. Balkans
3. expanded Byzantium empire
4. Krum, Bulgarian khan, lined his skull with silver & used as a ceremonial drinking cup

Photius

(chapter 3)

1. 858-867 & 877-886
2. Pope of Constantinople.
3. He dictated summeries of hundereds of .

Al-Andalus

(chapter 3)

1. split in 1031
2. Today's Portugal & Spain
3. Taken over by Abd al-Rahman
4. Rulers were hardly Muslim or Arabic.
5. prince was called "emir"

Charles Martel

"The Hammer"

(chapter 3)

1. Gave the name Carolignian to the dynasty
2. Won a battle against an army led by the Muslim governor of Al-Andalus. 

Charlemagne

"The Great"

(chapter 3)

Most famous king of the Carolingian dynasty.

1. government is highly organized
2. strong military
3. Christianity
4. defended the pope who crowns him
5. Holy Roman empire

missi dominici

(chapter 3)

1. "message for the kings"- to watch over the counts on the king's behalf.
2. the counts were to carry out the kings laws, give him army men, and collect taxes

Umayyad

(chapter 3)

1. group of people who are power based in Syria.
2. Byzantium tribe

Abassid

(chapter 3)

1. Moved capital to Baghdad
2. defeated the Umayyads

Al-Khwarazmi

(chapter 3)

1. died 850
2. Author on a book of algebra

St. Benedict's Rule

(chapter 3)

1. 540
2. Divided the day into discrete times of prayer, reading, and labor.

Treaty of Verdun

(chapter 3)

1. 843
2. The split of the empire into three and became the peace after Louis's death.
3. Charles the Bald 840-877 (France)
4. Louis the German 840-876
5. Lothar 817-855 (Fr & Grmy) 

Scriptorium

(chapter 3)

Alcuin

(chapter 3)

Utrecht Psalter

(chapter 3)

Byzantine Imperial Court

(chapter 4)

Michael Psellos

(chapter 4)

1. Orthodox Christianity in 988.
2. Changed his name to Basil
3. Married Anna, emperor Basil II's sister

Rus

(chapter 4)

Cordoba

(chapter 3)

Vikings

(chapter 4)

1. Raided France, England, Scotland & Ireland.
2. Traveled with families, childeren & slaves
3. discovered Iceland

1. 871-899
2. Wessex king
3. brought time & peace
4. having a taxation system called DANEGELD

Magyar

(chapter 4)

Primogeniture

(chapter 4)

Abbe Suger

(chapter 5)

1. 1081-1152
2. Abbot of Saint Denis

1. 1079-1142
2. "Nothing can be believed unless it is understood"
3. told his students to find the reason behind thier disagreements

Cistercian

(chapter 5)

Monastry of Cluny

(chapter 5)

1. founded by dukes & duchess in 910

1. 1399-1413
many thought is was his duty to appoint bishops and popes to ensure the good of the church & empire together

1. pope 1073-1085
Thought that emperors were simple laymen & should stay out of the church

1. 1096-1099
2. 50,000 to 60,000 combatants not counting women, childeren .etc
3. each authorized by the pope but different comanders
4. was part of the Christian response to the Islamic conquests, as well as the first major step towards reopening international trade in the West since the fall of the Western Roman Empire

1. pope 1088-1099
2. turned the enterprise into something new
3. launched the 1st crusade

1. 1086
2. the record of the great survey of England.

1. also known as the Kings' Crusade
2. was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin

1. intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt
2. destroyed Constantinople

Courtly Love

must attend Mass

Celibacy

  marrying cousins are forbidden & secret marriages

1.1182-1226

2.visited leapers, did manual labor, gave to charity & poor

1. trade group in the north
2. made coins

1. King of England
2. conquered large parts of Wales and almost succeeding in doing the same to Scotland

Boniface VIII

(Philip the Friar)

1. pope from 1294 to 1303
2. fought with Philp IV (French King)
3. said rights of the church should be handled between the church
4. got kidnapped & died

1.  philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism
2. developed the 5proofs

• all things created by motion
• things that exist come from things that exist
• cause(plan, person, material, final reason)
• classification
• orderly world

1. English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher
2. all things should have the simpliest explanation

1. 1st humanist
2. wrote Inferno, purgatory, & paradiso
3. directed by Vergil
4. but to parisado led by Beatrice

• Inferno
• Purgatory
• Parisado

1. 1315-1322
2. shortage of food longest in N. Europe
3. casued by war, too much water & population growth

1. 1347

2. deadliest plauge in Europe starting in china

John Wyclif

1.money leanding was not appicable to them

2.treated very badly