Term
| as the number of carbons in an alkane increases, boiling point ___ and density ___ |
|
Definition
increases
increases
(high # C = high b.p. and high density |
|
|
Term
| the boiling point of n-alkanes is ___ than the b.p. of iso-alkanes with the same number of carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principal reason for the molecular complexity of petroleum is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the octane # of iso-alkanes is ___ than the octane # of n-alkanes with the same number of carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saturated cyclic HCs are also called ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the b.p. and denisty of cycloalkanes are ___ than that of n-alkanes with the same number of carbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the b.p. of cyclohexane is ___ than the b.p. of hexane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the octane # of n-pentane is ___ than the octane # of iso-pentane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the b.p. of n-pentane is ___ the b.p. of isopentane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkenes are also called ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
unsaturated aliphatic HCs
olefins |
|
|
Term
| relatively how much of crude oil is alkenes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are alkenes not common in crude oil? |
|
Definition
| they are not as stable as alkanes, etc. and break down easily in the ground over time |
|
|
Term
| aromatic compounds have ___ octane #'s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why aren't aromatics found in large quantities in gasoline? |
|
Definition
| they may have high octane # but they are toxic (carcinogenic) |
|
|
Term
| polyaromatic compounds can ___ |
|
Definition
| deactivate catalysts via coking rxns |
|
|
Term
| the most common organo-metallic compounds are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metal atom at the center of a cage-like structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterizes sample based on solubility in a given solvent |
|
|
Term
| name common components of crude oil |
|
Definition
gaseous HCs (methane, ethane)
inorganic gases (H2S, CO2)
resins
asphaltenes
elements like S,N,O
heavy metals |
|
|
Term
| petroleum is classified by ___ |
|
Definition
composition
(ternary classification by HC types) |
|
|
Term
| in ternary classification by HC types, there are ___ classes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ternary classification by HC types, the lower the class #, the ___ the price |
|
Definition
higher
(1 is most expensive) |
|
|
Term
| in ternary classification by HC types, the lower the class #, the ___ it is to refine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for the characterization factor? |
|
Definition
| K_Watsom or K_UOP = (T_b)^(1/3)/(SG_15*C) |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between K_Watson and K_UOP? |
|
Definition
K_Watson uses mean average b.p.
K_UOP uses volume average b.p. |
|
|
Term
| are K_W and K_UOP ever the same? |
|
Definition
| yes, for a pure compound they are the same |
|
|
Term
| give some typical K_Watson values |
|
Definition
paraffinic K_W = 11 or 12
naphthelinic K_W = 10 or 11
aromatic K_W < 10 |
|
|
Term
| equation for *API gravity |
|
Definition
| *API = 141.5/SG_60*F - 131.5 |
|
|
Term
| as *API increases, SG ___ |
|
Definition
decreases
(high *API = low SG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temp at which oil ceases/starts to flow |
|
|
Term
| pour point relates to the ___ of the oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as pour point increases, the n-paraffin content ___ |
|
Definition
increases
(high PP = high n-parffins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temp above which the oil will spontaneously ignite |
|
|
Term
| real vapor pressure is usually a littl e bit ___ than Reid vapor pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 4 important physical properties of crude oil |
|
Definition
viscosity
pour point
flash point
vapor pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid residue (measure in wt %) remaining after heating to coking temps |
|
|
Term
| what are the two tests for carbon residue? |
|
Definition
Ramsbottom carbon test
Conradson carbon test |
|
|
Term
| as Conradson carbon residue increases, asphaltene content ___ |
|
Definition
increases
(high CR = high asphaltene content) |
|
|
Term
| why is knowing salt content important? |
|
Definition
| must keep NaCl content under 10 lbs/1000 bbl or there will be corrosion |
|
|
Term
| why is knowing metal content important? |
|
Definition
heavy metals can deactivate catalysts
V at significant concentration can cause corrosion |
|
|
Term
| why is knowing sediment and water content important? |
|
Definition
| inorganic particles lead to operational problems |
|
|
Term
| how can acidity be fixed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a sweet/sour crude? |
|
Definition
sweet crude: S<0.5 wt%
sour crude: S>0.5 wt% |
|
|
Term
| what is true boiling point distillation? |
|
Definition
| distillation fractions are named as light gasoline, heavy naphtha, kerosene, etc. according to the temperature ranges that each fraction comes from. The ranges and names are specified (use a table) |
|
|
Term
| gasoline is rated by ___ and diesel by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistance to ignition by compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ease of ignition under compression |
|
|
Term
| what is the octane # of octane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the octane # of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane? ("iso-octane") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous iginition of fuel |
|
|
Term
| why do we want high octane gasoline? |
|
Definition
| because as octane # increases, knock decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
octane # = (R + M)/2
R-research octane
M-motor octane |
|
|
Term
| how is octane # measured? |
|
Definition
| by comparing the performance of the gasoline to a binary mixture of n-heptane and iso-octane |
|
|
Term
| what is the ocatne number of gasoline distilled straight from crude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with additives, like tetraethyl lead (not allowed anymore) and oxygenates |
|
|
Term
| name the main products of a refinery |
|
Definition
gasoline
coke
jet fuel + diesel
LPG
asphalt
fuel oil |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 process categories for a refinery? |
|
Definition
separation
finishing
conversion
support |
|
|
Term
| briefly desribe desalting |
|
Definition
| crude oil and H2O enter the desalter, and desalted crude oil and salt water (waste) come out |
|
|
Term
| what are the first two processes crude oil goes through at a refinery? |
|
Definition
first desalting
then distillation |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe distillation |
|
Definition
desalted crude enters the ditillation column and is fractionated.
lightest fraction is full-range naphtha, heaviest fraction is atmospheric residue, which goes to the vac. distillation unit.
the vac. dist. unit produces vac. gas oil and vacuum residue |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in the light ends unit |
|
Definition
full range naphtha goes through debutanizer, and C4 and lighter comes out the top and debutanized naphtha out the bottom.
the C4 & lighter goes thru depropanizer, then deethanizer.
The debutanized naphtha goes through a naphtha fractionator and C5 & C6 (to gasoline pool) come out the top and heavy naphtha comes out the bottom (to gasoline pool after being hydrotreated and reformed) |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in hydrotreating and reforming of heavy naphtha |
|
Definition
heavy naphtha and H2 go into the hydrotreater and H2S and hydrotreated heavy naphtha comes out.
hydrotreated heavy naphtha has H removed in the catalytic reformer and reformate and H2 comes out. |
|
|
Term
| how is the octane # increased in catalytic reforming? |
|
Definition
cycloparaffins -> aromatics
n-alkanes -> i-alkanes |
|
|
Term
| what does the catalytic reformer use as a catalyst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thru hydrotreatment, kerosene can be converted to ___ and light gas oil can be converted to ___ |
|
Definition
jet fuel (C10 to C15)
diesel fuel (C15 to C20) |
|
|
Term
| what processes can heavy gas oil be sent to and what are the products of each? |
|
Definition
visbreaking -> fuel oil
thermal cracking -> LPG, naphtha, kerosene, light gas oil
catalytic cracking -> ethane, LPG, gasoline, slurry oil |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in fluid catalytic cracking of heavy gas oil |
|
Definition
heavy gas oil goes in, is cracked using a catalyst, and branched alkanes are produced.
the products are ethane, LPG, gasoline, and slurry oil |
|
|
Term
| what can be done with slurry oil? |
|
Definition
| after decanting, it can be used as fuel oil or coked to produce needle coke |
|
|
Term
| what is needle coke used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in hydrocracking of light vacuum gas oil (C25 to C35) |
|
Definition
| light vacuum gas oil and H2 go in, the LVGO is cracked using a catalyst, and C3, C4, and light & middle distillates come out |
|
|
Term
| why is H2 fed into the hydrocracking unit? |
|
Definition
| to saturate the unpaired electrons on carbons after the carbon chains are cracked |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in solvent extraction |
|
Definition
heavy vacuum gas oil goes in and heavy aromatics are extracted
after long chain n-paraffins are removed (dewaxing), lube oil base stock is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in deasphalting |
|
Definition
vacuum residue goes in, and aftre propane deasphalting, deaphalted oil and asphalt come out
after hydrotreating, the DAO is fuel oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds not soluble in normal alkanes and soluble in aromatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compounds soluble in n-pentane
types: resins and oils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds soluble in n-pentanes and soluble in propane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compounds soluble in n-pentanes and NOT soluble in propane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vacuum distillation residue |
|
|
Term
| what are the alternatives to vacuum residue treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in visbreaking of VDR |
|
Definition
| VDR goes in, mild thermal cracking occurs, and C3 & C4, naphtha, middle distillates, fuel oil, and coke are produced |
|
|
Term
| in visbreaking, how much coke is produced, and where does it collect? |
|
Definition
a very small amount
on the reactor walls |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe what happens in coking of VDR |
|
Definition
| VDR goes in, sever thermal cracking occurs, and light & middle distillates and sponge coke & fuel grade coke are produced |
|
|
Term
| what can be done with sponge coke? |
|
Definition
| it can be turned into anode coke (used in manufacturing) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two major paths for upgrading heavy oil? |
|
Definition
carbon rejection
hydrogen addition |
|
|
Term
| what are the processes that can be used in carbon rejection for upgrading heavy oil? |
|
Definition
coking
solvent extraction
visbreaking
catalytic cracking |
|
|
Term
| what are the processes that can be used in hydrogen addition for upgrading heavy oil? |
|
Definition
hydrocracking
hydrogenation |
|
|
Term
| name three distillation methods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American Society for Testing and Materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equilibrium flash vaporization |
|
|
Term
| put the three distillation methods in order of decreasing degree of separation |
|
Definition
TBP (most separation)
ASTM
EFV (least separation) |
|
|
Term
| what does a schematic of TBP distillation look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a schematic of ASTM distillation look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a schematic of EFV distillation look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe TBP distillation |
|
Definition
| uses a large numbver of plates and a large reflux ratio to distill almost pure components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflux is liquid that is distilled by a distillation column; it is undesired and often returned to the column, hence the name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ratio of liquid ("reflux") to distillate produced by a distillation column
RR = reflux/distillate = R/P |
|
|
