Term
| What is the term for the difference between the sexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most sexually dimorphic bone in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do the male vs female traits begin to show in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between sex and gender? |
|
Definition
| sex is biological (xx/xy) and gender is cultural |
|
|
Term
| What is the greatest difference between the female and male pelvis in humans? |
|
Definition
| The female pelvis is more wide for birth |
|
|
Term
| How accurate is sex determination based on the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Q angle and what is its significance in sex determination? |
|
Definition
| The Q angle is the angle where the femur meets the tibia at the knee. This angle is typically greater for females |
|
|
Term
| What are the three Phenice pubic traits looked at in sex estimation? |
|
Definition
| The ventral arc, sub-pubic concavity, and the medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The skull I snot especially reliable in sex estimation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second most common method of sex estimation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the septal aperture more common in males or females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do men's bones tend to ossify first in the ribs? |
|
Definition
| Toward the edges of the costal ribs |
|
|
Term
| Where do women typically experience ossification in rib bones first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sexually dimorphic traits found in humans? |
|
Definition
| Pubic dimorphism, the Q angle, certain diseases appear more often in certain sexes, presence of septal aperture, costal cartilage ossification sites, frontal hyperostosis is more common in females |
|
|
Term
| What is more accurate when estimating sex, the postcranial skeleton or the skull? |
|
Definition
| postcranial skeleton, specifically the long bones |
|
|
Term
| Why is estimating sex in subadults generally considered unadvisable? |
|
Definition
| There are no widely validated methods available and most of the morphological changes take place during puberty |
|
|
Term
| After what age are sex estimates considered to be reliable? |
|
Definition
| After age 14. Before that they are not considered reliable |
|
|
Term
| How accurate must be sex estimation methods be to be considered reliable? |
|
Definition
| over 80%. Less than 80% accuracy is typically considered unreliable |
|
|
Term
| What is the carrying angle? |
|
Definition
| The angle at which the upper and lower porting of the arm articulate (the humerus with the radius and ulna) |
|
|
Term
| What does closed population mean in mass fatalities mean? Give an example |
|
Definition
| Where there is a known number of people. Example: Plane crash where there is a manifest |
|
|
Term
What does open population mean in mass fatalities mean? Give an example |
|
Definition
| When the number of people is unknown. Example would be the world trade center or a natural disaster. |
|
|
Term
| Name a disaster response organization. |
|
Definition
| Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT), National Disaster Medical Systems (NDMS) |
|
|
Term
| What is DMORT responsible for? |
|
Definition
| They are the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team, and are responsible for victim identification and mortuary services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determining admissibility of evidence base on 'has the principle gained general scientific acceptance' |
|
|
Term
| What does the Federal Rules of Evidence 702 say? |
|
Definition
| If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge with assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may provide an opinion |
|
|
Term
| What are the Daubert Guidelines? |
|
Definition
| Has the technique been tested using the scientific method, has the technique been subject to peer review, what are the known or potential error rates, are there applicable professional standards, is the technique generally accepted within the relevant scientific community. |
|
|
Term
| What is practitioner error? |
|
Definition
| It is the mistakes people make |
|
|
Term
| What is instrument error? |
|
Definition
| It is the difference between and instrument's measurement value and the true value |
|
|
Term
| What is statistical error? |
|
Definition
| sample size versus poplulation |
|
|
Term
| What is technique (method) error: |
|
Definition
| The limitations of a technique, may be a function of overlapping traits among groups, uncontrollable, sometimes it will just be wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The repeatability and consistency of observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How accurately the results describe the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference between an observed value or measurement and the true value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the detection of heat due to differences in density in soils, indicating a possible grave |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about amelogenin? |
|
Definition
| It is a protein that shows differences in the X and Y chromosomes and allows for sex determination |
|
|
Term
| What are Ancestry Informative Markers? |
|
Definition
| Allele frequency differences related to geographical origin and often related to skin and hair pigment |
|
|
Term
| When were the federal rules of evidence established? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual recognition, Anti/Post Mortem comparison, DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is circumstantial ID? |
|
Definition
| Cultural, tattoos, clothes, ID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geographical region of ancestral origin |
|
|
Term
| What is a gradient or continuum of a given trait across geographic space or environment? |
|
Definition
| Cline or clinal distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixed raced (i.e. Kaladin) |
|
|
Term
| What is positive assertive mating? |
|
Definition
| mating between individuals of similar groups (i.e. same race couples) |
|
|
Term
| What are two methods to determine ancestry? |
|
Definition
| The Optimized Summed Scoring Attributes (OSSA), Decision Tree Modeling |
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference between the OSSA and the Decision Tree Model |
|
Definition
| The Decision tree model can distinguish between white, black and Hispanic, the OSSA only white and black |
|
|
Term
| What area of the skeleton is most used for ancestry estimation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shovel-shaped incisors are noted to be more common in what ancestral groups? |
|
Definition
| Asian and Asian descended ancestral gropus |
|
|
Term
| Are dental approaches considered sufficient for the estimation of ancestry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the age to be legally considered an adult |
|
|
Term
| Why might biological age be different from chronological age? |
|
Definition
| Chronological age is how many years old you are. Biological age is dependent on a variety of factors that can impact the age of your bones (i.e. diseases, fractures, use, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between biological age and chronological age widening as people get older called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In forensic anthropology what constitutes a juvenile (subadult) |
|
Definition
| ages during the growth and development process: embryonic, fetal, infant, child, and adolescent periods |
|
|
Term
| In forensic anthropology what constitutes an adult? |
|
Definition
| Those ages occurring during the mature degenerative stage of skeletal change |
|
|
Term
| In forensic anthropology what constitutes an adult? |
|
Definition
| Those ages occurring during the mature degenerative stage of skeletal change |
|
|
Term
| When is the growth and development of the skeleton considered complete? |
|
Definition
| When all permanent teeth have erupted and all epiphyses have fused |
|
|
Term
| True or False: dental development is more highly correlated with chronological age than bone development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neonatal line and what does it signify? |
|
Definition
| It is a dark line seen in histological sections of the teeth and is present on all deciduous teeth and often the first permanent molar. It possibly signifies live birth. |
|
|
Term
| What is the best documented area of the skeleton for adult age estimation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common method for estimating adult age from the pubic symphysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Cranial suture closure patterns have been shown to correlate very well with chronological age. |
|
Definition
| False, however, complete suture closure and obliteration is generally indicative of more advanced age. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical degradation of the joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in bone porosity, or decrease in bone mineral density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development along a predictable growth channel or pathway despite external factors |
|
|
Term
| What 3 tools are used in taking measurements for osteometrics? |
|
Definition
| sliding calibers, spreading calipers, and osteometric board |
|
|
Term
| What is the last ephiphyseal union? |
|
Definition
| The iliac crest and sternal end of clavicle, age 25-30 |
|
|
Term
| What did Hartnett (2010) do in her article? |
|
Definition
| reassessed the method of pubic symphysis age estimation method due to modern changes. Added a 7th stage. |
|
|
Term
| Why is stature estimation possible |
|
Definition
| There is a relationship between an individual's skeletal dimensions and their height |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The femur is the most accurate in stature estimations because is contributes most to stature, followed by lower leg bones and the arm bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is more accurate in determining stature, the lower or upper limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over-curvature of the thoracic vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What are regression stature estimation methods? |
|
Definition
| methods of estimating stature that involve taking bone measurements and inserting them into regression formulae that represent the mathematical relationship between that measurement and height for a given population. |
|
|
Term
| What is secular change relating to stature? |
|
Definition
| A change in the average pattern of growth or development of a population over time. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four categories of individual skeletal variations? |
|
Definition
| Normal anatomical variation, skeletal anomalies, pathological conditions, changes related to repetitive activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the same bone or tooth from the other side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having extra fingers or toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extra partial vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when a vertebra take on the characteristics of another segment of the spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the septal aperture located and who does it most likely occur in? |
|
Definition
| It is located by the trochlea on the humerus and occurs most frequently in females |
|
|
Term
| What is a hole in the sternum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define pathological condition |
|
Definition
| the abnormal anatomy, which is the manifestation of a disease process |
|
|
Term
| Define proliferative lesion |
|
Definition
| the excess deposition of bone |
|
|
Term
| Define lytic (osteolytic) lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define deformative lesions |
|
Definition
| changes the overall bone shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes proliferative lesions |
|
Definition
| They are a result from increased osteoblastic activity as a reaction to a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory processes affecting the inner bone structures and the medullary cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony projections that form at the margins of joints and signify joint damage |
|
|
Term
| Define heterotopic ossification |
|
Definition
| connective tissue that became ossified in response to trauma by producing bone directly in the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony projections that form at the site of ligament or tendon attachments |
|
|
Term
| What are primary neoplasms |
|
Definition
| tumors of bones that arise primarily in bone |
|
|
Term
| what is avascular necrosis |
|
Definition
| collapse or destruction of the joint surface due to disrupted blood supply. |
|
|
Term
| Define secondary neoplasms (metastatic tumors) |
|
Definition
| tumors that arise in other parts of the body and spread to the bone. Much more common than primary neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition of lower than normal bone density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal degree of the inward curve of the lower spine resulting in a saddleback appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much concave curvature of the thoracic spine resulting in a hunchback appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lateral deviations of the spinal column from the midsagittal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate bone mineralization cause by insufficient calcium and phosphorus which results in softening of bones due to defective mineralization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| significant owing of the long bones in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premature fusion of the cranium sutures resulting in significant cranial deformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain causing an enlargement of the skull and a small face |
|
|
Term
| What are "markers of occupational stress"? |
|
Definition
| repeated mechanical stresses that cause the bone to adapt their morphology in response to these stresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degenerative condition that results in bone being hard and ivorylike |
|
|
Term
| In anthropology what does alteration refer to? |
|
Definition
| Any change to the physical properties of bone |
|
|
Term
| In anthropology what does trauma refer to? |
|
Definition
| the physical disruption of living tissues by outside forces |
|
|
Term
| In anthropology what does perimortem refer to? |
|
Definition
| around the time of death, when bone was in a biometrically fresh state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to resist deformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongation or stretching force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one side the concave side is subject to compressive force while the other side is subject to a tensile force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slide portions of the bone relative to another (opposite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisting, involves combination of shear and rotation |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Bone is stronger under compression than in tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does magnitude refer to? |
|
Definition
| The amount of force applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| force that is applied suddenly and at relatively high speed |
|
|
Term
| What type of loading is most often responsible for fractures seen in a forensic context? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low speed force applied slowly |
|
|
Term
| How are creep fractures formed |
|
Definition
| static force applied over an extended period of time |
|
|
Term
| how are fatigue fractures formed |
|
Definition
| repeated loading at pre-failure, which degrades the mechanical properties of bone and causes small cracks |
|
|
Term
| Materials that have the same properties in all directions are called [blank] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| materials that have different properties in different directions is called [blank] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bone isotropic or anisotropic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between an incomplete and complete fracture? |
|
Definition
| Incomplete fractures are those where some continuity is retained between the fractured bone portions |
|
|
Term
| In butterfly fractures, from where does the force come from? |
|
Definition
| The opposite of the point |
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest indicator that trauma is antemortem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of fracture repair? |
|
Definition
| bleeding occurs and a hematoma forms. inflammation occurs and osteoclasts work to resorb the dead bone. The second stage is the reparative stage where osteoblasts form a fracture callus. The third is the remodeling stage which occurs months to years following the fracture and involves the remodeling of the quickly deposited bone for the fracture callus |
|
|
Term
| What is it when all teeth have been lost with complete resorption of the alveolar space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hole in the skull which what an ancient medical practice |
|
|
Term
| In anthropology what does damage refer to? |
|
Definition
| Postmortem changes to bone |
|
|
Term
| How do postmortem fractures look different than perimortem fractures? |
|
Definition
| Postmortem bone is dry where fresh bone is moist and thus they break differently |
|
|
Term
| What is blunt force trauma? |
|
Definition
| relatively slow load over a large surface area, indicative of radial and concentric fracture patterns |
|
|
Term
| In falling deaths, what may be an indicator for suicide versus accidental or a push |
|
Definition
| Suicide will have a more horizonal break pattern where the others will have a more vertical break pattern |
|
|
Term
| what is high velocity projectile trauma |
|
Definition
| rapid applied force over a small surface area. Indicated by beveling on opposite side of force |
|
|
Term
| What does a keyhole defect indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary evidence of antemortem trauma? |
|
Definition
| Osteogenic reaction (formation of new bone) |
|
|
Term
| What characteristic has been noted to indicate manual strangulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hangman's fracture? |
|
Definition
| Bilateral fracture of the pedicles of C2 |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between knife and saw sharp force trauma? |
|
Definition
| The knife forms a triangle groove where the saw's is rectangular, known as a kerf |
|
|
Term
| What is the pugilistic posture? |
|
Definition
| Fire or extreme heat causes the loss of moisture in the muscles and ligaments, which causes them to contract. The body shifts to the arms curled to the face and legs bent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The furnace where cremains are made |
|
|
Term
| What is primary blast trauma? |
|
Definition
| trauma from barometric changes from the blast wave |
|
|
Term
| what is secondary blast trauma? |
|
Definition
| blast trauma from the shrapnel |
|
|
Term
| what is tertiary blast trauma? |
|
Definition
| trauma from falling objects or body being thrown into objects |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 manners of death? |
|
Definition
| homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, unknown |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of linking an unknown personal object or material to an individual or known identity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has legal authority over a body? |
|
Definition
| The medical examiner or coroner |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common identification comparison technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is fractography and how is it beneficial to forensic anthropologists |
|
Definition
| It is the study of fracture patterns and allows forensic anthropologists to see the direction of force based on how a bone breaks |
|
|
Term
| What is craniofacial superimposition? |
|
Definition
| it is the superimposition of a photograph or video of an known individual with the skeletal remains and may be used if no other antemortem data are available. |
|
|
Term
| What Is the likelihood ratio? |
|
Definition
| p correct ID / P incorrect ID, basically a function of how common the particular matching feature is in the population at large. |
|
|
Term
| What is am artistic reproduction of the soft tissue features of an individual? |
|
Definition
| Facial approximation or facial reconstruction |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of facial approximation? |
|
Definition
| the anatomical method and the tissue depth method |
|
|
Term
| Of the two facial approximation methods, which is more commonly used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Locations of particular DNA sequences on a chromosome |
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|
