Term
| True or False: A scanner replaces having to do photographs |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a validation scale? |
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Definition
| Placing something of a known length in a scan for reference and to validated measurements within a scan. |
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Term
| What are 3 types of validation scales? |
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Definition
| Scale bar, pocket rod (tape measure), yard stick |
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Term
| What is a threshold scan and how is it done? |
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Definition
| A scan to connect two rooms or the inside and outside of a residence together. Put the scanner in the threshold (B/W, 1/10 res) |
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Term
| What resolution is needed for objects and small areas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What resolution is needed for outdoors and large indoor spaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| What resolution is needed for indoors and small outdoor spaces. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of metering and when are they best used? |
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Definition
| Even weighted: if lighting is uniform. horizon weighted: best for scenes with bright overhead. Zenith weighted: scenes where bright lighting comes from eye level or below |
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Term
| What is adaptive scanning? |
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Definition
| It is scanning in grayscale the whole area and only the important areas in color |
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Term
| What must the settings be for the FARO to scan BPA and SIR? |
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Definition
| 1/4 resolution, 4x quality min |
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Term
| True or False: You must scan the bloodstain or bullet holes before mapping? |
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Definition
| False, you ID the stain and then map. Put markes at the end of patterns |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of large-scale 3D scanners? |
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Definition
| Time-of-flight and Phase shift |
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Term
| What type of scanner is the FARO? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step in examining remains? |
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Definition
| Perform a taphonomic assessment |
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Term
| what is a taphonomic assessment? |
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Definition
| Full inventory of the area, evaluate the condition of the remains, estimate time since death (also known as PMI) |
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Term
| What does the taphonomic assessment inventory include? |
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Definition
| ID and completeness of all skeletal elements found, whether skeletal remains are adult or immature, and in the event of remaining flesh: X-rays and photography |
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Term
| Describe what is looked for when evaluating the condition of the remains. |
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Definition
| This focuses on the primary post mortem processes: decomposition stage, insect life cycle, evidence of scavenger modification, weatherering, and modification by water, sand, or geology |
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Term
| What is looked at during a soft tissue examination? |
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Definition
| fingerprints examined for viability, internal tissues and organs, bone formation centers in children, screening for small bones or artifacts, X-rays |
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Term
| What are three ways an anthropologist can help? |
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Definition
| Determine stature, sex, age estimate, ancestry, id unique healed bone figures or distortions, and dental configurations |
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Term
| What are some challenges anthropologists have in trying to develop a biological profile? |
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Definition
| Increasing mixed ancestry, models are based on only certain populations |
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Term
| What is a biological profile used for? |
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Definition
| assist LE in narrowing the range of possible victims |
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Term
| What is circumstantial evidence? |
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Definition
| Evidence that requires an investigator to infer certain facts |
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Term
| Most coroners or medical examiners require [blank] identification. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some methods of positive ID other than visual? |
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Definition
| fingerprints, DNA, dental records, x-rays, or unique apparatuses |
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Term
| What are some challenges with facial approximation? |
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Definition
| Many facial features are cartilage instead of bone, some features of a specific ancestry may not be present, the average tissue thickness will be underestimated for people with significant fat, key descriptive elements such as hair length, facial hair, or glasses must be guessed. |
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Term
| True or False: All known or suspected human bones are protect by law. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are most bones found? |
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Definition
| By people doing ordinary and otherwise legal activities |
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Term
| What are two primary objectives of recovery? |
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Definition
| ID the individual represented by the remains and collect any and all evidence which might explain how the bones might have arrived at their present state and location |
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Term
| True or False: The methods employed in the recovery of skeletal remains will determine the ease and reliability in which the case is resolved |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some methods for determining grave locations? |
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Definition
| Witness statements, visual clues, cadaver dogs, trenching and probing, area photography, and remote sensing. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the search area and the recovery area? |
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Definition
| The search area is the larger area that surrounds the recovery area. |
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Term
| True or False: Not all cases of discovered human remains are criminal in nature. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: the suspect/victim and investigators are most likely to take the path of least resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the recovery area? |
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Definition
| it is the more localized area than the search area where the body usually is. |
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Term
| What are some things that may indicate a grave? |
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Definition
| disturbance of vegetation and soil, temperature changes, scavenger activity |
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Term
| Buried bodies normally decompose [blank] than bodies on the surface. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why do buried bodies decompose slower than bodies on the surface? |
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Definition
| Less exposure to scavengers and insects, less temperature fluctuation, less exposure to weather, compaction of the soil, differences in pH due to decaying matter, and the moisture level. |
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Term
| True or False: When a body if found in water, it should be placed in the body back while still in the water. |
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Definition
| True, so that you don't lose potential evidence or pieces of the body that may disarticulate |
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Term
| What are the four crime scene search methods? |
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Definition
| strip, grid, zone, and spiral |
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Term
| What types of scenes do you use the strip search method? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of scenes do you use the grid search method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of scenes do you use the zone method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you use the spiral search method? |
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Definition
| When looking for large objects in large outdoor scenes |
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Term
| Describe the line method. |
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Definition
| Set up lanes for each searcher and walk in straight lines. Useful for outdoor scenes when looking for items that are small. |
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Term
| Describe the line Grid Method |
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Definition
| Sometimes called the double line method. after the area has been searched horizontally it is gone over again vertically. Each area is effectively searched twice. |
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Term
| What is the sequence of an outdoor search? |
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Definition
| Establish photograph (overall photographs), take notes, initiate sketch, determine and establish scene boundaries, ID appropriate search method, searchers at arm's length apart in line (evidence is marked with a flag), midrange photos of marked evidence, closeup photo of marked evidence, include evidence on sketch, measure marked evidence, collect and package marked evidence. |
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Term
| What is the zone and point-to-point search good for? |
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Definition
| fragile evidence: footwear impressions, trace, and firearms |
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Term
| How is the zone/point-to-point search methods performed? |
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Definition
| Divide the scene into zones to be searched (i.e. body, bedroom, kitchen, etc.) |
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Term
| Describe the spiral method. |
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Definition
| The search team starts at the center of the scene and follows a spiral path outward from the center until the perimeter is reached. |
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Term
| When is a spiral method often used? |
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Definition
| When trying to locate dumped bodies. |
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Term
| What is the first thing you do when excavating remains? |
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Definition
| Determine the horizontal limits of the grave (soil color changes, disturbance, upheaval/depression, vegetation changes, animal activity) |
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Term
| True or False: It is important to dig straight to the bottom of the grave. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much soil is removed per layer when excavating a body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many soil samples in a grave should be taken? |
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Definition
| samples from each level (of "horizon") |
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Term
| What are some effects you may see from plants on human remains? |
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Definition
| roots can cause mechanical damage, fungi can secrete acid, |
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Term
| True or False: There is more total biomass of insects than of humans. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Define forensic entomology |
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Definition
| The study of insects associated with a dead body |
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Term
| What is the main purpose of forensic entomology? |
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Definition
| To establish time since death / PMI |
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Term
| [blank] hours after death, entomological evidence is the most accurate and only method available to determine elapsed time since death. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some things insects can tell us in forensic entomology? |
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Definition
| Whether a body has been moved after death, whether the body has been disturbed, presence or position of wound sites, whether a victim used drugs or was poisoned, length of time of neglect or abuse in living victims |
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Term
| Where is temperature measured for entomological evidence? |
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Definition
| On top of the maggot masses |
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|
Term
| When collecting maggots you keep [blank] alive and [blank] dead? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why are half the maggots kept alive? |
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Definition
| To grow them into adult flies so the species can be identified |
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|
Term
| Why is species idenification of insects important? |
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Definition
| Different species grow at different rates |
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Term
| After evidence is collected and Identified, what are the two methods for estimating PMI? |
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Definition
Development of larval Diptera, primarily blow flies
Seasonal, successional colonization of the boyd by carrion insects |
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Term
| What type of flies are usually the first to arrive? |
|
Definition
| Blow flies (Calliphoridae) |
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Term
| How many stages are in the blow fly life cycle and what are they? |
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Definition
| egg, 3 instar states, pupa, adult |
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|
Term
| Describe the first instar stage |
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Definition
| very delicate, prone to desiccation, must be near mucoidal or moist areas - wounds, orifices, ears, eyes, mouth |
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|
Term
| describe the 2nd instar stage |
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Definition
| can penetrate the skin by rasping mouth and enzymes |
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|
Term
| describe the 3rd instar stage |
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Definition
| voracious feeder and aggregates in large masses-maggots: the crop, a food storage organ in the forgut, can be seen as a dark oval through the translucent tissue of the maggot |
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|
Term
| How long does a fly have to dry before it can fly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Once the fly leaves emerges from the pupa, how does it obtain its energy? |
|
Definition
| It is phototropic, meaning it gets its energy from the sun |
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|
Term
| True or False: Insect development is temperature dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Buried in dirt several centimeters deep, scattered several meters away from body |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| collect and place in vial with paper towel to cushion- do not preserve |
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|
Term
| True or False: Beetles must be stored individually. |
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Definition
| True, they will eat other smaller beetles and flies |
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Term
| What four things must the researcher know for the development of blow flies in corpses? |
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Definition
| Oldest stage of blow fly associated with the body, species of the insect, temperature data, developmental data |
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|
Term
| What is the primary question a forensic entomologist must ask about a blow fly? |
|
Definition
| How long does it take this species to reach this stage? |
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|
Term
| What is the sequence of insects colonizing a body impacted by? |
|
Definition
| Nutritional changes of the body, geographic region, habitat, season, weather conditions, microclimate |
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|
Term
| Why are insects so valuable for determining PMI? |
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Definition
| Their lifecycle is very predictable |
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Term
| True or False: The age of immature insect specimens is the absolute minimum amount of time a person has been dead. |
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Definition
| True: i.e. a 3 day old maggot on a corpse would indicate the body has been dead for at least 3 days |
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Term
| What are 5 stages of decomposition fueled by insect activity? |
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Definition
| Fresh, Bloat, Decay, Post-decay, Dry (skeletal) |
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Term
| At the fresh stage what happens? |
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Definition
| flies begin to arrive, temperature falls to the ambient temperature, and autolysis begins |
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|
Term
| What happens at the bloat phase? |
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Definition
| Swelling due to gasses produced by bacteria, the temperature of the corpse rises, and flies are still present |
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|
Term
| What happens at the Decay stage |
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Definition
| Gases subside, bacteria and maggots break through the skin, large maggot masses and extreme amounts of fluid, unpleasant odor, larvae begin to pupate, corpse reduced to 20% of original mass. |
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|
Term
| What happens in the Post-Decay stage? |
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Definition
| Carcass reduced to hair, skin, and bones, fly population is reduced and replaced by other arthropods, hide beetles are dominant in dry environments, Mite and predatory beetle populations increase |
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|
Term
| What happens to the dry stage in wet environments? |
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Definition
| Does not always occur, especially in wet region and maggots will stay longer and hide beetles will not appear. In wet environments the hide beetles are replaced with nabid and reduviid insects |
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|
Term
| What happens during the dry stage? |
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Definition
| corpse is reduced to at least 10% of the original mass |
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|
Term
| How far below soil can coffin flies go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other purposes of Ground Penetrating Radar |
|
Definition
| Looking for Dinosaur bones and unexploded ordinance |
|
|
Term
| When excavating a body, at a minimum, how many sketches are required and what are they? |
|
Definition
| 2: overhead view sketch, elevation sketch |
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|
Term
| What does DMORT stand for? |
|
Definition
| Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the act of pushing a rod into the ground to feel for soil compaction differences in order to identify a grave |
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|
Term
| What is it called when particles in the water reflect light back to the camera lens, obscuring the image with spots and haze? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called where conditions where silt, sediment, algae, and pollution create underwater visibility that is typically less than one foot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is black water diving? |
|
Definition
| conditions where silt, sediment, algae, and pollution create underwater visibility that is typically less than 1 foot |
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|
Term
| What is the proper order for evidence collection and preservation? |
|
Definition
| Transient, biological, latent |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 exceptions for a warrantless search? |
|
Definition
| Emergency, prevent the destruction of evidence, consent, pursuant to lawful arrest (search the person and immediate surroundings) |
|
|
Term
| What is osteoarthritic lipping? |
|
Definition
| additional bone growth around the edges of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| At what age can sex be determined from a skeleton |
|
Definition
| 12-15 years of age, after puberty |
|
|
Term
| What web-based tool can LE and members of the general public search for lost or missing people? |
|
Definition
| NamUs (National Missing and Unidentified Persons System) |
|
|
Term
| What are two things to remember when considering the objectives of remains recovery? |
|
Definition
1. The methods employed in the recovery of skeletal remains will determine the ease and reliability with which the case is resolved.
2. The bones and possible associated tissues are frequently the only physical evidence available to resolve the issue of cause and manner of death. |
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