Term
| What are the two levels of identification? |
|
Definition
| Class and Individual characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What is a class characteristic? |
|
Definition
| A characteristic that associates the item with a particular group (i.e. brand, tread, size of shoe) |
|
|
Term
| What is an individual characteristic? |
|
Definition
| A characteristic that associates exclusively to one item/person (i.e. nicks and imbedded materials in shoe tread) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a class characteristic. |
|
Definition
| Shoe tread pattern or car tread pattern from an impression |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an individual characteristic. |
|
Definition
| Fingerprint, nicks and unique damage to a shoe's sole. |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of impression evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of 2D impression evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of 3D impression evidence? |
|
Definition
| footwear impressions, tire impressions, bite marks |
|
|
Term
| 2D impression evidence consists of what dimensions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3D impression evidence consists of what dimensions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we document impression evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we photograph impression evidence? |
|
Definition
| Overalls, Midrange, Close-up without scale, close-up with scale series with oblique lighting from various angles. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: When placing impression evidence on a sketch you take measurements from two locations due to the size (ie toe and heel for footwear) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ways to lift 2D footwear impressions? |
|
Definition
| Gel Lifter or Electrostatic Dust Lifter |
|
|
Term
| True or False: You must photograph a 2D footwear impression with and w/o scale prior to lifting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: New shoes have individual characteristics that can be observed from a print just like a rifle. |
|
Definition
| False: Shoes need to be worn (used) for individual characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What might you have to do to visualize a 2D footwear impression to photograph or lift it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When submitting a gel lifted footwear impression evidence to the lab what all must you submit? |
|
Definition
| gel lifter, photos, suspect shoes. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The dust impression obtained with an Electrostatic Dust Lifter is permanent. |
|
Definition
| False. Once the mylar loses its charge the dust will fall off. It is necessary to photograph the print. |
|
|
Term
| How is an electrostatic dust lifter used? |
|
Definition
| A sheet of mylar film is placed over the print, a roller is used to apply pressure and a high-voltage electrode is applied to the film |
|
|
Term
| How do you store mylar that has a print on it? |
|
Definition
| Store in a dust-free box (i.e. pizza box) |
|
|
Term
| How do we collect 3d impressions? |
|
Definition
| We cast using dent stone/dental stone |
|
|
Term
| What is the recipe for dental stone? |
|
Definition
| 2 pounds of casting material for 12 ounces of water mixed to a pancake batter type consistency. |
|
|
Term
| What must a dental stone cast be marked with? |
|
Definition
| North direction and case info |
|
|
Term
| How long should dental stone dry for before collecting it? |
|
Definition
| 45 minutes depending on temperature and humidity |
|
|
Term
| How thick should the cast with dental stone be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In snow, what must you do before pouring the casting material and why? |
|
Definition
| Apply snow print wax or hair spray to the print to prevent the chemical reaction of the casting material from melting the snow due to the generated heat |
|
|
Term
| True or False: You must package the cast and the suspect shoes separately. |
|
Definition
| True, to prevent cross contamination |
|
|
Term
| True or False: It is important to remove debris from the impression so the laboratory can clearly see the tread pattern. |
|
Definition
| False: Do NOT remove debris from the impression. |
|
|
Term
| How do you package a 3D footwear impression cast? |
|
Definition
| Package cast in a cardboard box, mark fragile, let set for another couple hours, add padding to the package. |
|
|
Term
| If you cannot collect the tires to submit to the lab, what can you do for the known sample in place of collection? |
|
Definition
| ink the tires on paper. Must encompass entire rotation of tires (cast/photos/inked) |
|
|
Term
| When comparing an unknown impression to a known standard, what 3 conclusions can the examiner reach? |
|
Definition
| 1. The standard produced the impression. 2. The standard did not produce the impression. 3. There are not sufficient corresponding individual characteristics within the impression to determine whether the standard in question made the impression. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: There is no database of suspect shoes and tires, only an FBI database to determine brand/manufacture. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where might you find bite mark evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does the comparison of bite mark evidence to standards? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you document bite mark evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of scale is used when photographing bite mark evidence? |
|
Definition
| An American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO) scale |
|
|
Term
| Oblique lighting is at what angle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With a bite mark, where do you swab for saliva? |
|
Definition
| All around the bite mark, inside and outside all the crevices to pick up epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Antemortem bite marks are less distinctive and may need UV/IR photographs over several days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the possible results a forensic odontologist might get from a comparison? |
|
Definition
| Definite-to the exclusion of all others, consistent - no features present that will exclude the suspect, possible-unable to positively confirm or exclude the suspect, exclusionary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When 2 objects come into contact with each other with an amount of force. The harder object is the tool and will mark the softer object. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of toolmarks? |
|
Definition
| Compression (impressed), Sliding (striated), Cutting (sheared or pinched) |
|
|
Term
| How are compression (impressed) tool marks formed? |
|
Definition
| It is produced by perpendicular forces acting against an object, the tool does not move laterally across the object. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of Compression (impressed) tool marks. |
|
Definition
| Punch marks, hammer blows, gripping tools |
|
|
Term
| How are Sliding (striated) tool marks formed? |
|
Definition
| tool slides along the surface leaving striations. Commonly referred to as scrape marks. |
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of a Sliding (striated) tool mark. |
|
Definition
| prying from prybars, screwdrivers, or lippage from jawed tools |
|
|
Term
| How are Cutting (sheared/pinched) tool marks formed? |
|
Definition
| when an object is caught between two opposing forces of cutting actions. |
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of how cutting (sheared) tool marks are formed. |
|
Definition
| Blades pass across each other in a cutting action i.e. scissors, tin snips |
|
|
Term
| Provide an example of pinched tool mark impressions. |
|
Definition
| Blades butt against each other i.e. wire cutters |
|
|
Term
| How are tool marks collected? |
|
Definition
| collect the entire item bearing the tool mark or cast using Mikrosil or a PVS Extruder Gun (Accutrans) |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Never insert a suspected tool into or onto the toolmark |
|
Definition
| True. This can damage the microscopic unique markings on the tool and the mark. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: New tools may not have enough characteristics to individualize in comparison |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some things a tool mark examiner may be able to provide about the tool? |
|
Definition
| The type of tool used, size of the tool used, and the action employed by a too in its use. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible conclusions a tool mark examiner may reach? |
|
Definition
| The tool produced the tool mark. The tool did not produce the tool mark. There are not sufficient corresponding individual characteristics within the tool mark to determine whether the tool in question made the mark. |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of tool mark exams? |
|
Definition
| Fracture matches, Wood exams, # restoration |
|
|
Term
| What is Forensic Biology/Serology? |
|
Definition
| The study of cells and serums |
|
|
Term
| How are body fluids important to CSIs? |
|
Definition
| DNA and Forensic Toxicology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the 'personal blue print' that carries the genetic code that individualizes each person except identical twins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of drugs and alcohol in body fluids |
|
|
Term
| Where are toxicology samples taken at autopsy? |
|
Definition
| Vitreous humor, blood-heart, Urine, Cerebral-spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| What equipment does a toxicologist use? |
|
Definition
| Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the mitochondria in nucleated and non-nucleated cells |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of two non-nucleated cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is mtDNA inherited from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The NOVA Forensic Laboratory routinely performs mtDNA analysis on routine cases |
|
Definition
| Fales. More expensive and extrensive. |
|
|
Term
| Where is nuclear DNA found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of body fluids that have DNA? |
|
Definition
| Blood, semen, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, saliva, perspiration, urine, tears, body/fetal tissues, bones, hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the deposit of epithelial cells from touching an object-- an attempt to obtain a DNA profile from said touch |
|
|
Term
| What does CODIS stand for? |
|
Definition
| Combined DNA Index System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FBI database containing DNA profiles of convicted felons, profiles from crime scene evidence, and profiles of convicted sex offenses and other violent crimes |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All convicted offenders are entered into the CODIS database. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 indexes for CODIS? |
|
Definition
| The forensic index which consists of profiles from crime scene evidence. The offender index which consists of profiles of convicted sex offenses and other violent crimes. |
|
|
Term
| When looking at suspected blood what 3 questions do we want to ask? |
|
Definition
| Is it blood, is it human, who's is it |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of blood? |
|
Definition
| Carries oxygen to cells via hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What does blood consist of? |
|
Definition
| Plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) |
|
|
Term
| What are the presumptive blood tests? |
|
Definition
| Phenolphthalein (Kastle-Myer Reagent), Hematrace (human and ferret blood), Leucomalachite Green (Quick Check Green), Orthotolidine, MacPhails Reagent |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Under UV/ALS blood fluoresces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 chemicals used for locating blood? |
|
Definition
| Luminol, Fluorescein, Bluestar |
|
|
Term
| True of False: Bluestar is a derivative of luminol, more powerful and longer lasting luminescence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some advantages and disadvantages of fluorescein? |
|
Definition
| Advantages are that it does not react to bleach and has a thickener preventing it from running. The disadvantage is that it requires and ALS to view. |
|
|
Term
| What is the consistency of seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
| 95% fluid, 5% spermatozoa (200 million) |
|
|
Term
| What is the presumptive test for seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
| Acid Phosphatase, blue/purple for a positive result |
|
|
Term
| What does a positive result look like with an acid phosphatase test? |
|
Definition
| the swab or filter paper turns blue/purple |
|
|
Term
| What is a confirmatory test for seminal fluid? |
|
Definition
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
|
|
Term
| What authorization is buccal swabs taken? |
|
Definition
| Either by consent or a search warrant |
|
|
Term
| How many swabs are used in a buccal swab collection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Victim Physical Evidence Recovery Kit |
|
|
Term
| True or False: You need DNA samples from all consensual partners in rape cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) on live victims or the ME on deceased victims |
|
|
Term
| Why don't we package evidence in plastic? |
|
Definition
| plastic destroys fingerpints in transport, the moisture in plastic creates mold and mildew which destroys biological evidence |
|
|
Term
| What type of evidence is kept in plastic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you had a pill bottle or plastic bag with an illicit substance, how might you process it? |
|
Definition
| Take the illicit substance and seal it in plastic, process the pill bottle or plastic bag for prints and seal in paper |
|
|
Term
| Other than drugs, what is the only other exception to the no plastic rule and what must you do first? |
|
Definition
| Currency in currency bags only, but process the currency for prints first |
|
|
Term
| How do you package clothing/bedding? |
|
Definition
| Dry if wet in a drying rack first, then wrap in brown paper using additional paper to separate layers, package in brown paper bag, place bio hazard sticker. Make sure victim and subject items are separate |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 methods to collect trace. |
|
Definition
| plastic tweezers, post-it notes, gloved fingers |
|
|
Term
| After picking up trace with tweezers, what do you put the evidence in? |
|
Definition
| Druggist fold and then put in a manila envelope |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Never store trace with cotton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why wouldn't you want to store trace in a plastic film container? |
|
Definition
| Static electricity. You will lose the evidence |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Casings and Bullets should be collected and stored in a cardboard box with cotton to prevent the evidence from moving around. |
|
Definition
| False. Use a small cardboard box, but hold the item in place with the stick side of a cotton swab. NO cotton. |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps to collect dried red stain or suspected blood samples? |
|
Definition
| Wear fresh gloves and mask, moisten a sterile cotton swab with one drop of distilled water and collect sample from surface, air dry the sample, store in swab box or glassine envelope, package in manila envelope, place biohazard sticker |
|
|
Term
| How do you collect a wet sample of a red stain or suspected blood? |
|
Definition
| The same way as with a wet sample, but no sterile water is applied to the swab first |
|
|
Term
| How many swabs of a red stain or suspect blood should you take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When swabbing bite marks, describe the double swab technique. |
|
Definition
| Use one wet and one dry swab in order to pick up epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of evidence is primer residue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: You package the tool and the Mikrosil cast separately to protect from additional markings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: If a gun is found in water you must keep it in water to prevent rust. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The magazine can be with the gun in the box. |
|
Definition
| True, but the magazine must be separate from the gun. |
|
|
Term
| How do you collect a gun? |
|
Definition
| Render it safe, place in a box and plastic zip tie the gun to the box with the connection point inside, mark box as unloaded, do not place anything inside the barrel or chamber |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Ammo can be stored with the gun in the box. |
|
Definition
| True, but must be secured in envelope or rigid container |
|
|
Term
| How do you collect a knife? |
|
Definition
| Place in a box and secure with a zip tie |
|
|
Term
| How do you collect needles and syringes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must every item of evidence be labeled with? |
|
Definition
| Item #, Item description, Case #, Date of Collection, Location, Collector's name/initials (think EPCD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seal with packaging tape or red evidence tape on all open seals;initial/date all seals and manufacturer seams, initial tape on each side of packaging, Initial must overlap tape and packaging, Date = date of packaging, biohazard if necessary
Different for CID |
|
|
Term
| Name some ways in which we protect our selves and protect the evidence from contamination and cross contamination? |
|
Definition
| Wear gloves and change them often; used disposable instruments or clean them before and after handling each samples; avoid touching areas where DNA may be present, avoid coughing, sneezing; talking; or breathing onto sample-wear masks; avoid touching your face, nose, and mouth; treat all samples as a hazardous pathogen |
|
|
Term
| In any death investigation what is the single most important piece of evidence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who has jurisdiction over the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Coroner and a ME? |
|
Definition
| Coroners are elected officials, usually not physicians and may have little training. Medical Examiners are physicians and are usually forensic pathologists |
|
|
Term
| What is a forensic pathologist? |
|
Definition
| Physician that specializes in the investigations of deaths that are sudden, unexpected, or appear unnatural in any way |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All deaths are treated like a homicide until the facts indicate that a homicide has not occurred. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can we find out from an Autopsy? |
|
Definition
| The ID of the deceased through prints, dental, radiography, DNA; Cause of Death; Manner of Death; Time Since Death (Post Mortem Interval); Presence of Diseases, Presence of drugs/alcohol/poisons through toxicology; injuries; environmental/health threats to public |
|
|
Term
| What does antemortem mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does postmortem mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does perimortem mean? |
|
Definition
| At time or around time of death |
|
|
Term
| What may a bitter almond smell at autopsy indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cherry red lividity indicate |
|
Definition
| Carbon Monoxide poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The disease or injury that initiated the lethal chain that brought death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The circumstances under which the person died |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 possible manners of death? |
|
Definition
| Homicide, Suicide, Natural, Accidental, Undetermined |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the CSI at autopsy? |
|
Definition
| Provide the ME with notes, photos, sketch of scene, documentation during the exam, obtain ten-prints or other means of ID, receive items of evidence |
|
|
Term
| What is documented by the CSI at autopsy? |
|
Definition
| Time exam began, physician performing exam, ME case number, note injuries/diseases and other observations |
|
|
Term
| What does Post Mortem Interval (PMI) mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we estimate time since death? |
|
Definition
| Livor mortis, rigor mortis, Algor mortis, decomposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the pooling of blood due to gravity. It has a purplish-blue discoloration |
|
|
Term
| What are voids of lividity called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the timeline for lividity? |
|
Definition
| 1/2-2 hours lividity appears, 8-12 hours lividity is most prominent, 12-18 hours lividity is fixed |
|
|
Term
| True of False: A person with a high fever will decompose faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: A person with cirrhosis of the liver will decompose slower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the stiffness of the body due to the chemical breakdown and locking of muscle proteins, first seen in smaller muscles, but begin in all the muscles at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: You see rigor mortis in the larges muscles first. |
|
Definition
| False, you see it in the smaller muscles first, but it starts in all the muscles at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| What is the timeline for rigor mortis? |
|
Definition
| 1/2 - 1 hour onset of rigor, 12-18 hours peak rigor, 24-36 hours rigor dissipates |
|
|
Term
| Will carbon monoxide poisoning slow down or speed up rigor? |
|
Definition
| slow down. Carbon monoxide is associated with hypothermia |
|
|
Term
| True or False:Strychnine poisoning is associated with accelerated body functions and will sped up rigor rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cadaveric spasm? |
|
Definition
| The rapid stiffening of muscles, found in deaths preceded by great excitement or tension (ie clenched hand with seaweed of drowning victim) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cooling of the body. It will stabilize to the temperature of the surrounding environment. |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of Algor mortis? |
|
Definition
| first few hours after death: 2-2.5 degrees per hour up; up until 12 hours after death: 1.5-2 degrees per hour; after 12 hours after death: body will cool 1 degree per hour |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Increased body fat will decrease Algor rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Increased ventilation will increase Algor rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two means of decomposition? |
|
Definition
| Putrefaction and autolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breakdown of tissues caused by bacteria and enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decomposition by the self digestion of cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of decomposition? |
|
Definition
| Discoloration (marbling), bloating, purging, skin slippage, mummification, adipocere, anthropophagy |
|
|
Term
| When do you see marbling? |
|
Definition
| within 2 days (minus other factors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decomposition of blood in vessels |
|
|
Term
| What colors do you see in decomposition with discoloration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In decomposition when do you see bloating (build up of gases) |
|
Definition
| Within 3 days (minus other factors) |
|
|
Term
| In decomposition what is purging? |
|
Definition
| The release of body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when the epidermis separates from the dermis |
|
|
Term
| What is a skin/epithelial glove? |
|
Definition
| It is when there is skin slippage so the CSI takes the epidermis and wears it like a glove to roll the finger and get the fingerprints |
|
|
Term
| What is mummification and where do we see it? |
|
Definition
| It is the drying of tissue and we see it typically in high temperature areas with low humidity. |
|
|
Term
| How long does mummification take? |
|
Definition
| 3 months typically but dependent on the environment-weeks |
|
|
Term
| What is adipocere and where does it occur? |
|
Definition
| It is a waxy fat-whitish and greasy- that forms over the body. Also known as "grave wax". It occurs in moist environments with high temperatures and high humidity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal eating the body (seen especially with cats and dogs). |
|
|
Term
| Name some factors that may influence decomposition? |
|
Definition
| Temperature, humidity, ventilation, illness, drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is the stiffening of the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the settling of blood that produces a purplish-blue discoloration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of blunt force injuries? |
|
Definition
| Abrasion, contusion, laceration |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of sharp force injuries? |
|
Definition
| incised wound, stab wound, chop wound |
|
|
Term
| What are the firearm injuries? |
|
Definition
| Contact range, intermediate range, distant rang, shotgun injuries |
|
|
Term
| Define abrasion and what type of injury it is. |
|
Definition
| Abrasion are a wound produced by friction scraping away epidermis or disruption of the epidermis by direct pressure or rubbing (rubbing off of superficial layer of skin). It is a blunt force injury |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the direction of an abrasion? |
|
Definition
| Tissue will pile up on the edge of the abrasion opposite the direction of impact |
|
|
Term
| What is a contusion and what type of injury is it? |
|
Definition
| A wound occurring as the result of hemorrhage into tissue due to the rupture of blood vessels, basically a bruise. It is a blunt force injury |
|
|
Term
| Can you determine the age of a bruise by its color? |
|
Definition
| No, unless the person is deceased then an ME can |
|
|
Term
| What are contusion train tracks indicative of? |
|
Definition
| They are contusions of the sides of the device used to create the injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a laceration and what type of injury is it? |
|
Definition
| It is the tearing of the skin or tissue due to stretching because of blunt force, edges are irregular and may have margin abrasions. It is blunt force trauma |
|
|
Term
| What is an indicator or a laceration injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an incised wound and what type of injury is it? |
|
Definition
| It is a cut or slice or incision caused by a weapon being dragged along the skin. The wound is longer than deeper. It is a sharp force injury. |
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Term
| What is a stab wound and what type of injury is it? |
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Definition
| It is a wound caused by the weapon being pushed into the skin. It is deeper than longer. It is a sharp force injury. |
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Term
| True or False: A stab wound can be deeper than the weapon is long and wider than the weapon is wide. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a stab wound and an incised wound? |
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Definition
| Stab wounds are deeper than longer and incised wound or longer than deeper. |
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Term
| Can you tell if a single edge versus double edge instrument was used with a stab wound? |
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Definition
| Yes. If the is a blunt edge it was a single edge device |
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Term
| Can you tell the handedness of a suspect from a stab wound? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Big wounds cause by heavy edged weapons, may also have abrasions. ie ax |
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Term
| True or False: Possible to match tool marks on bones with suspect weapons. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: The ME may be able to determine if a weapon could have been used with sharp force injuries |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: ME can determine incapacitation and survivability from sharp force injuries. |
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Definition
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Term
| What comes out of a gun when it is fired? |
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Definition
| Projectile, Gun Powder, Metal, Gas, Soot, Flame |
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Term
| What contact range and how can it be identified? |
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Definition
| It is where the muzzle touches the body and everything goes into the body. There will be a muzzle impression and a stellate wound may be present. |
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Term
| What indicates intermediate range? |
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Definition
| Stippling and tattooing, which are not burns. Need to conduct test first to determine distance from weapon to target surface. May be angled. |
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Term
| What is indicative of a distant gunshot wound? |
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Definition
| Only the projectile makes it to the body. Cannot determine distance. Bullet wipe indicates an entrance wound. |
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Term
| How is the range of a shotgun injury determined |
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Definition
| Through test fires and measuring the spread pattern, may have petal and wad marks |
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Term
| What is stippling/tattooing |
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Definition
| Unburned powder and debris, causing punctate abrasions on target. Larger and heavier so travels farther. Does not wipe off. |
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Term
| What is an asphyxia death? |
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Definition
| It is inadequate oxygenation of tissue, body can not get O2 or can't use O2 properly |
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Term
| How much of the O2 supply does the brain use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of asphyxia? |
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Definition
| Petechiae, Congestion and edema, Cyanosis, Engorgement of the right heart and fluidity of the blood |
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Term
| What are the types of asphyxiation? |
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Definition
| Suffocation, Strangulation, Chemical Asphyxia |
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Term
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Definition
| It is pressure on the neck, which blocks the passage of oxygen to the brain (cerebral hypoxia) |
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Term
| What are the types of strangulation? |
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Definition
| Hanging, Ligature, Manual |
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Term
| What is an indicator of a hanging strangulation? |
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Definition
| The inverted 'V' abrasion furrow and petechia. The weight of the body tightens the noose around the neck |
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Term
| Does the victim need to be fully suspended in a hanging? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: You should not remove the ligature from the body, nor cut the knot. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is ligature strangulation? |
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Definition
| A ligature around the neck is tightened by force. This is usually seen in homicides and is indicated by the horizontal linear mark on the neck. |
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Term
| Define manual strangulation. |
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Definition
| the hand or forearm blocks neck vessels, usually seen in homicides. |
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Term
| What are some signs of a manual strangulation? |
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Definition
May see congestion, petechiae, contusions on neck, hyoid fractures, and fingernails scrapes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ritualistic sexual behavior of oxygen deprivation to fulfill danger and fantasy. May have neck compression with or without padding. Family will often "clean" the scene |
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Term
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Definition
| It is 12-23 jurors decide if there is probable cause the defendant has committed an offense and they decide on indictment, no cross examination |
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Term
| What rules of evidence govern expert testimony in federal court? |
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Definition
| Federal Rules of Evidence 702 |
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Term
| Who is responsible for determining the qualification of the expert witness and whether they can render their opinions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some considerations when testifying? |
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Definition
| Eye contact, speaking voice, talk to the jury, use appropriate gestures, give concise answers, use common language no jargon, give positive and firm responses, I don't know is okay |
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Term
| What does it mean when an objection is overruled? |
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Definition
| The judge disagrees with the objection and you have to answer the question. |
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Term
| What does it mean when the judge says, "Sustained." |
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Definition
| The judge agrees with the objection and you will not answer the question. |
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Term
| What are some things juries do not like from testifying witnesses? |
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Definition
| Talking at them, talking down to them, disrespect for the judge, improper speech, cocky, bias toward prosecution, not being fully prepared, being defensive, wasting their time, poor posture, using visual aids that cannot be clearly seen or understood |
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Term
| What do juries expect from witnesses? |
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Definition
| To tell the truth, be impartial, be prepared, be professional, and be accurate |
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Term
| What is it called when an adult uses their body weight to suffocate another adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when an adult rolls onto their child and they suffocate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common tool marks encountered at a crime scene? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dentstone/dental stone made out of? |
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Definition
| Calcium Sulfate or gypsum |
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Term
| Name 6 ways you can protect yourself and evidence per the lecture |
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Definition
| Wear gloves and change them often; use disposable instruments or clean them before and after handling each sample; avoid touching areas where you believe DNA may exist; avoid coughing, sneezing, or even talking/breathing on the sample-wear a mask; avoid touching your face when collecting and packaging evidence; treat all samples as a hazardous pathogen/Biohazard |
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Term
| What do you want to do during pre-trial preparations? |
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Definition
| Make sure the attorney knows your background/education/training, find out what the attorney plans to ask, clarify any miscommunications |
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Term
| How many hairs should you collect for a reference sample? |
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Definition
| 50 hairs from various locations on the head, 2 dozen pubic hairs |
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Term
| The complete lifecycle for a fly and beetle is called [blank] |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the methods to determine grave location? |
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Definition
| Witness statements, visual clues, cadaver dogs, trenching and probing, area photography, and remote sensing |
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Term
| Measurements in the recovery area include what? |
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Definition
| Baseline and Triangulation |
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