Term
| Science must prove to the legal system that our methods are both what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an expert witness? |
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Definition
Someone who the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of a layperson. (Does not have to be a scientist)
Must provide reliable scientific methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of questioning an expert witness to ensure their expertise |
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Term
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Definition
a well recognized scientific principle or discovery (specifically the polygraph in this case)
must be generally accepted by the scientific community |
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Term
| Federal Rules of Evidence |
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Definition
an alternative to the Frye vs. US (1975) Rule 702 applies to scientific or technical or otherwise specialized knowledge. Individual states are free to adopt different evidence rules.
Makes the Frye Standard not an absolute prerequisite under FRE, rule 702 |
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Term
| Daubert vs. Merrell Dow (1993) |
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Definition
| The court rejected the basic Frye standard and required knowledge of Type 1 and Type 2 error rates and requires pretrial hearings for scientific evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experiences, training or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise. |
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Term
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Definition
Developed the systolic blood pressure deception test (the first polygraph/lie detector)
** Gave Frye his lie detector test |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right and wrong, good and bad. |
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Term
| What is the goal of ethics? |
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Definition
| to protect the rights and needs of professions (or groups) when situations are not just black and white. |
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Term
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Definition
| the operational side of ethics that provides a basis of right and wrong for application of ethics. |
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Term
| Ethics are applicable to situations and are _________, whereas morals are __________. |
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Definition
practiced (ethics)
known (morals) |
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Term
| What are 4 ethical principles? |
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Definition
| obligation, fairness, mercy, and duty |
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Term
| James Rest and his colleagues determined that ethical behavior is a result of four processes: |
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Definition
(1) moral sensitivity
(2) moral judgment
(3) moral motivation
(4) moral character |
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Term
| ethics is subdivided into 3 theories: |
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Definition
1-normative ethics
2-metaethics
3-applied ethics |
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Term
| What are normative ethics? |
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Definition
| the study of moral standards, principles concepts, values, and theories and seeks to determine what is right or wrong to justify the standards for behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the nature of moral standards and explores the meaning of moral concepts and analyzes moral reasoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of ethical dilemmas, choices, and standards of application in occupations, professions, and situations. |
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Term
| What are the 5 elements of personal ethics? |
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Definition
1-discretion
2-duty
3-honesty
4-loyalty
5-respect for others |
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Term
| The law is what people _____ do, ethics is what people _______ do. |
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Definition
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Term
| Jeremy Bentham's 4 moral sanctions (theory) |
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Definition
1-physical sanctions
2-political sanctions
3-moral sanctions
4-religious sanctions |
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Term
| What is the deontological approach? |
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Definition
| states that moral actions occur out of obligation and are judged based on the intention and motivation for the action. |
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Term
| What are the 2 primary levels of deontological theories? |
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Definition
1-extreme or inconsequential
2-moderate |
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Term
| What are the 4 levels of organizing moral thinking? |
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Definition
1-ideal decision making
2-practical decision making
3-reflective decision making
4-political decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| A 20th-century concept that focuses on an individual's freedom to make choices without the influence of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| that all thoughts and actions are beyond human control (ie: genetic, climates, geography, society, culture, education. solicitation) |
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Term
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Definition
| all people possess free will and are accountable for their actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of virtually any nonfood substance taken by a living organism. |
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Term
| What is forensic toxicology? |
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Definition
| the study of humans and how drugs and poisons affect them. |
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Term
| What does clinical pharmacology focus on? |
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Definition
| the effects of drugs on humans (also called toxicology). |
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Term
| What are the two most important tasks of the forensic toxicologist? |
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Definition
| the identification of the drugs and determination of their quantities. |
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Term
| What is the study of pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
| concerned with how drugs move into and out of the body. |
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Term
| What are the four (4) processes of pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
1-absorption
2-distribution
3-metabolism
4-elimination |
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Term
| What is Pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| The study of how drugs act in the body. |
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Term
| What is synergism (in toxicology)? |
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Definition
| when drugs work together to magnify their effects or create effects that would not have occurred otherwise |
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Term
| What is the only accepted method for drug confirmation in forensic toxicology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two independent measuring systems for alcohol? |
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Definition
blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
and
breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) |
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Term
| What are the two most common specimens used for alcohol analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of drugs on humans. |
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Term
| What role does forensic toxicology have in determining the cause and manner of death? |
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Definition
| toxicologist will use data about what drugs are present and at what levels at the time of death, along with drug usage history and general health, to determine the role that drugs or poisons played in death. |
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Term
| In the typical forensic toxicology laboratory, what is the major type of case that is handled by the toxicologists? |
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Definition
| drinking alcohol and driving |
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Term
| What factors can affect the rate at which alcohol is absorbed from the stomach into the bloodstream? |
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Definition
1-nature/type of drink
2-speed at which consumed
3-contents of stomach at time of consumption |
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Term
| What are the 2 major routes of elimination of drugs from the body? |
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Definition
1- metabolism
2-excretion (sweat, urine, etc) |
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Term
| What test(s) is (are) commonly used for confirmation of a drug in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Widmark curve? |
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Definition
| A graph that shows/measures the speed of metabolism in someone based on the speed at which they consumed alcohol and the content of their stomach to estimate BAC. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to acquire and process information by filtering it through one’s own experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to filter information to retain only what confirms to one’s preferences and to reject that does not |
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