Term
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Definition
| sometimes called vigilance, which refers to our ability to maintain attn and consistent performance over long periods of time |
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Term
| focused or selective attention |
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Definition
| allows us to concentrate on and prioritize certain features or stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the more complex attentional skill of attending to and processing multiple stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| this aspect of attention facilitates moving attentional focus from one task or stimulus to another |
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Term
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Definition
| holds information that can be stored and accessed explicitly or consciously and can be thought of as our "knowledge base" |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit in that they can be evoked and in some cases, stored unconsciously |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of nondeclarative, long-term meory that holds your memory for motor (e.g. typing, fingering for a musical instrument) and cognitive (e.g. arithmetic operations) skills that are habitual and that require little effort to recall |
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Term
| encoding fuctions such as _________________________________________ are used to maintain information in working memory as well as to transfer that information to long-term memory |
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Definition
| association, rehearsal, categorization, chunking, and verbal mediation |
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Term
| a pt who has difficulty matching printed names of objects to pictures of those objects , but who has adequate visual abilities, good auditory comprehension, and can still read aloud might be hypothesized to have a breakdown at the level of ... |
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Definition
| the orthographic input lexicon (problems at semantic level unlikely because has good auditory comprehension, problems with abstract letter identification and use of letter to sound rules unlikely because can read aloud) |
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Term
| activation of what area has been associated with maintainence of phonological representations, productions of speech sounds, and syntactic processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two areas in the parietal lobe have been found to contribute to comprehending written language? |
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Definition
| supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus |
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Term
| Which area involves comprehension where phonologic, semantic, and morphosyntactic structures are processed? |
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Definition
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Term
| diffuse network that supports primarily more basic attention functions (e.g. sustained and focused attention) include which possible structures? |
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Definition
| thalamus, white matter connections between the thalamus and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres, and the lateral and medial aspects of both frontal lobes |
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Term
| There are some distinctions between right and left frontal lobes' contributions to this diffuse attention network. The right frontal lobe appears more dominant for_______, whereas the left prefrontal cortex plays a fundamental role in functions such as_________ |
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Definition
| sustained attention, attention-switching |
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Term
| what areas are important components of the right hemisphere attention network? |
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Definition
| right posterior parietal cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and subcortical structures such as the thalamus and basal ganglia |
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Term
| those structures that are more __________located within the right hemisphere contribute to complex spatial attention functions, those structures more _______ located support more basic spatial attention abilities such as stimulus scanning and selection |
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Definition
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Term
| research indicates that working memory's phonological buffer relies upon... |
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Definition
| Broca's area, left supplemental motor, and premotor areas, |
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Term
| The visuospatial buffer relies upon... |
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Definition
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Term
| the executive component relies upon... |
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Definition
| the anterior cingulate gyrus, and dorsolateral prefrontal areas of both hemispheres |
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Term
| long-term memory relies on ... |
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Definition
| both cortical regions and deeper brain structures |
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Term
| declarative (particularly episodic memory) and anterograde memory) |
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Definition
| hippocampus deep within temporal lobe, medial regions of the temporal lobe |
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Term
| semantic memories appear to be stored... |
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Definition
| in modality and domain specific regions |
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Term
| subcortical areas such as ______ and other _____ structures are germane to procedural memory |
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, basal ganglia |
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Term
| inferior regions of the frontal lobes (i.e., orbitofrontal areas) have been associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| superior frontal regions (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) are involved with |
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Definition
| problem solving and reasoning |
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Term
| the frontal poles that encompass the most anterior portions of the frontal lobes appear to support some of the most complex executive functions such as ... |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the term aphasia mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| anomia may be manifest by a variety of behaviors, including... |
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Definition
| delayed naming resulting in excessisve pausing, errors in naming (paraphasias), circumlocutions, and production of nonwords (neologisms) |
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Term
| what may cause increased processing time as appropriate concepts are assessed? |
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Definition
| degraded semantic representations |
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Term
| what may result in pauses, circumlocutions, or word choice errors (i.e., semantic paraphasias) |
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Definition
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Term
| impairment to any of the various levels of phonological processing may result in anomic behaviors, particularly _____ errors (ie.____________) |
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Definition
| sound, phonemic paraphasias |
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Term
| repetition without processing for meaning is proposed to involve a specific set of decoding and encoding processes (e.g., __________)that may be disrupted to a different degree than other linguistic processing functions |
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Definition
| acoustic to phonologic conversion |
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Term
| disrupting in comprehension of written language |
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Definition
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Term
| impaired written expression |
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Definition
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Term
| what underlying impairments may result in the comprehension deficits in alexia |
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Definition
1. difficulty decoding written forms (e.g., identifying letters or converting graphemes to phonemes)
2. disruptions in semantic or morphosyntactic processing |
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Term
| what underlying impairments may result in the comprehension deficits in agraphia |
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Definition
may manifest by the same characteristics described for spoken expression as well as
1. difficulty in phoneme to grapheme conversion (e.g., writing to dictation)
2. production of specific allographs (e.g., printed letters, cursive handwriting) |
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Term
| pts with aphasia have been found to be _____ accurate, slower, or both on sustained attention. These performances differences are evident regardless of whether attention talks have relatively high or low linguistic demands |
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Definition
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Term
| 15-65% of pts who suffer left hemisphere brain damage will present with... |
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Definition
| right-sided neglect, or impaired attention to information presented on the right side of the body |
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Term
| When aphasic pts are asked to complete tasks that involve the temporary storage and subsequent recall of verbal, episodic, and auditory-nonverbal, or visuospatial information... |
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Definition
| short term and working memory problems appear to coincide frequently with aphasia |
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Term
| Although only a limited number of studies have evaluated long-term memory subsequent to aphasia onset, initial findings suggest that getting verbal and visual information into and out of long-term memory storage ... |
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Definition
| is difficult for many pts with aphasia |
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Term
| Findings from most aphasia studies indicate that these pts are at risk for deficits in a variety of executive domains including... |
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Definition
| problem solving and reasoning, planning, organization, inhibition, self-monitoring, and cognitive flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
| typically exhibit speech characterized by utterances of four words or fewer, often produced haltingly and with great effort |
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Term
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Definition
| demonstrate an ease of speech production, with melodic line, rhythm, rate, and flow similar to non-aphasic speakers |
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Term
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Definition
| used to describe language characteristics of significantly impaired auditory and written comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes relatively spared language comprehension, but compromised language output abilities |
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Term
| pts who might be classified as having receptive aphasia typically have... |
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Definition
| expressive deficits as well |
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Term
| both nonfluent and expressive forms of aphasia have historically been associated with relatively _________ lesions. (e.g., damage to________ and surrounding _______ association areas) |
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Definition
| anterior, broca's area, frontal |
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Term
| fluent and receptive forms of aphasia are traditionally associated with relatively _______ lesions (e.g., damage to ______ or surrounding ______ and _____association areas) |
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Definition
| posterior, Wernicke's area, temporal, parietal |
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Term
| a number of exceptions to this lesion pattern, potentially reflecting, at least in part that ______ characteristics (e.g., severity, fluency) change over the course of recovery even when the lesion is static |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Paul Broca) characterized by nonfluent language output and relatively spared language comprehension compared to output fluency difficulties (i.e., these pts may have comprehension problems but they are not as prominent as their output difficulties) |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by marked comprehension,naming, and repetition impairments. language output in wernicke's aphasia though fluent, typically contains many paraphasias and is often described as "empty speech" |
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Term
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Definition
| the aphasia type marked by significant impairments in all language modalities and functions (i.e., comprehension, speech fluency,naming, and repetition) Typically results from large lesions affecting both anterior and posterior language centers, although exceptions have been noted |
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Term
| ______,______,________ aphasias are characterized by repetition that is similar to sponataneous speech with respect to fluency, presence of paraphasic errors, morphosyntactic accuracy and so forth. |
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Definition
| Broca's, wernicke's , global |
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Term
| _______, ________, and ________ aphaisia types are characterized by repetition is much less impaired than would be predicted from spontaneous speech |
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Definition
| transcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, transcortical mixed aphasia |
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Term
| transcortical motor aphasia |
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Definition
| similar to broca's asphasia with respect to speech fluency, comprhension, and naming. When pts with transcortical motor aphasia are asked to repeat phrases and sentences, their spoken output is generally more fluent and contains fewer errors than their spontaneous verbal output. Lesions resulting in transcortical motor aphasia are usually anterior or superior to broca's area, and hypothesized to reflect a disconnection between broca's area and supplementary motor area |
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Term
| transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
| characterized by poor comprehension, and fluent speech. Repetition tends to be more preserved than spontaneous speech, which typically contains many paraphasias and neologisms. Lesions resulting from disrupted blood supply to the posterior cereral artery that affect the inferior temporal lboe and parts of the occipital lobe are typically associated with transcortical sensory aphasia. |
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Term
| Lesions resulting from disrupted blood supply to posterior cerebral artery that affect the inferior temporal lobe and parts of the occipital lobe are typically associated with... |
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Definition
| transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Term
| transcortical mixed aphasia (also known as isolation aphasia) |
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Definition
| similar to global aphasia, pts with isolation aphasia exhibit notable impairments in comprehension, speech fluency, and naming, but retain the ability to repeat at a level not predicted by the severity of their other language deficits. Isolation tends to be associated with large lesions involving bother anterior and posterior language association areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| disproportionately severe deficits during repetition. Pts with conduction aphasia tend to have relatively good comprehension and fluent speech, with mild to moderate naming deficits. However, when they are asked to repeat, their speech may become more nonfluent, or paraphasias may become more prominent than is observed during their spontaneous speech. The lesion sites traditionally associated with conduction aphasias are the left arcuate fasiculus, the supramarginal gyrus in the inferior parietal lobe, or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| exhibit a relatively isolated impairment of naming, with fluent aphasia early post onset, other pt's impairments will evolve via spontaneous recovery and language treatment into anomic aphasia. Anomic aphasia can result from brain damage to various cortical and subcortical regions |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia resulting from damage to non-cortical sites |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia resulting from lesions to the right hemisphere. (quite rare)may co-occur with cog. com. deficits associated with right-hemisphere lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| used to denote apparently isolated impairments of specific language function |
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Term
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Definition
| word blindness, pts demonstrate reading difficulties in teh absense of any other language impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to isolated impairments of writing |
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Term
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Definition
| describes profound auditory comprehension deficits without evidence of impairment in other language functions |
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Term
| primary progressive aphasia (PPA) |
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Definition
| generally associated with left hemisphere pathology . Pts with PPA may demonstrate a range of impairments in comprehension, naming, speech fluency, and reading and writing skills. Deficits associated with PPA continue to progress. Diagnostic criteria for PPA is that pts show a relatively isolated decline of language abilities for at least 2 years. (before the gradual onset of PPA, may be confused with early dementia, altho careful assessment reveals broader intellect, memory and executive functions, ability to complete daily activities independently are relatively spared, often for many years) |
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