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| is current from power companies in AC and is produced by generators, it changes directions over and over. The electrons vibrate back and forth 120 times per second or 60 cycle sec. |
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| the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element. |
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| a fundamental law of nature, states the electric charge cannot be created or destroyed. Everything contains a positive and negative charge. Something is neutral if +=-. Electric discharge- the process of balancing electrical charges. |
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| is current flowing steadily in one direction (battery) |
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suggested that the world was made of 2 things.
1. empty space 2. particles he called “atoms”
He believed that matter was continuous and not made up of smaller particles. He called this continuous substance hyle. Unfortunately this was accepted until the 17th Century. |
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| an electric cell that contains a paste live electrolyte (flashlight batteries) |
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| the flow of electrons. 6.24 X 10^18 electrons moving through a piece of wire in one second to make an amp |
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| the process of balancing electrical charges. Ex of this is lighting |
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| Four simple facts behind the miracle of life |
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1. Ice floats
2. Night sky is dark
3. Proton #=electron #
4. We have the right kind of sun |
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| weakest of the four forces every particle feels the force of gravity, according to its mass and energy. Can act over a large distance and is always attractive. |
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| How does this polarity explain water’s characteristics? |
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Water is a liquid at normal temperatures(one of the very few)
Water does not evaporate quickly
Water is polar
Ice floats in liquid water
Water is less dense as it approaches freezing (expands when it freezes) |
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| CaCl^2---calcuim chloride |
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| NH^4OH--- ammonium hydroxide |
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| CaCO^3---calcuim carbonate |
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| Atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses. Due to their atoms having different atomic masses. |
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| Law of conservation of energy |
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| Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be changed from one form to another. |
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| Law of conservation of matter |
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| Matter cannot be created nor destroyed |
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| Law of conservation of matter and energy |
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| Matter can be converted to energy and vice versus |
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| two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
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| The big rule of electric charge |
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| protons repel, electrons repel and opposites attract |
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| all electric cell that contain a liquid electrolyte (car battery) |
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| matter changing from a liquid to a gas |
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| characteristics of covalent compounds |
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| low melting point, do not conduct electricity, usually brittle solids |
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| characteristics of ionic compounds |
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| high melting point, conduct electricity in a solution or molten form, definite crystal shape |
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| occurs when a chemical reaction takes place and something new is formed. |
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| is a nonmetal and it gains one electron and becomes negative |
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| two or more different substances chemically bonded together. They have a definite composition and can only be separated by chemical means |
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| matter changing from a gas to a liquid |
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| bonds that form as a result of atoms sharing electrons to become more stable |
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| matter that has no definite shape or volume. No attraction between molecules and individual atoms |
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| bonds that form as a result of atoms becoming ions and are drawn together by their opposite charges. |
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| matter that takes the shape of its container. Atoms and molecules are held together by bonds and intermolecular force |
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| process by which matter goes from a solid to a liquid |
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| a blend of substances they are not chemically bonded and can be separated by physical means. |
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| only changes the appearance of the matter. Does not change the matter itself. |
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| melting, boiling, condensation, sublimation |
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| physical properities of matter |
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| malleability, ductility, conductivity, melting point, boiling point. |
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| matter that is very hot, usually 5000 degree c or above usually exist as very hot gases atoms and molecules have lost electrons are now ions. Ex. Sun and stars |
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| is a metal and it loses one electron and becomes positive |
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| matter that has a definite shape and volume atoms and molecules are close together but can move and vibrate. |
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| matter changing directly from a solid to a gas |
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| what are the other forces of nature |
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| 3. Gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force |
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| why is water a polar molecule |
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| The bonds between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom are covalent. The oxygen atom has a stronger pull on the pairs of electrons being shared therefore the electron pairs are pulled toward the oxygen. This makes the oxygen side partially negative and the hydrogen side partially positive. This creates a intermolecular force between water molecules thus drawing them together. |
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