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| records Socrates drinking the hemlock |
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| this world of sense perception is transient, the real world is transcendent and can only be "remembered" by our immortal souls. |
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| the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle |
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| allegorized Moses into Middle Platonic thought |
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| represented the Jews to Gaius Caligula, the Emperor attempting to put his golden statue in the Jerusalem Temple |
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| Clement of Rome - Century |
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| young leaders displacing elders of the church at Corinth |
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| Clement of Rome - Thought |
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| Peter and Paul already in heaven |
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| tells the stories of Old Testament judgments against usurpers and rebellions as examples for the Christian church |
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| Ignatius of Antioch - Century |
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Definition
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| Ignatius of Antioch - Event |
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Definition
| his trip to Rome and martyrdom |
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| Ignatius of Antioch - Thought |
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Definition
| urged the churches of Asia Minor to adopt a monarchical episcopate form of church governance |
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| Ignatius of Antioch - Story |
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Definition
| pleads with Roman Christians not to rescue him from martyrdom lest he lose his chance to emulate Christ and Paul |
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| Epistle of Barnabas - Century |
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Definition
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| Epistle of Barnabas - Event |
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| written after major Jewish uprisings in Alexandria and Judea |
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| Epistle of Barnabas - Thought |
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Definition
| rejects weekly Sabbath in favor of 1000 year and 8th day rest |
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| Epistle of Barnabas - Story |
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Definition
| allegorizes Old Testament stories into Christian teaching, but keeps their historical reality |
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| Polycarp of Smyrna - Century |
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| Polycarp of Smyrna - Event |
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Definition
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| Polycarp of Smyrna - Thought |
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Definition
| taught the Christians in Philippi to use a Presbyterian form of church governance |
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| Polycarp of Smyrna - Story |
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Definition
| learned Christianity from John, served God 86 years and died praying for his persecutors and reviling the crowd of pagans as atheists |
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| Marcionite Heresy at Rome condemned by Irenaeus of Lyon |
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| the Old Testament god is a weak god of material and justice. The New Testament God, Jesus Christ, is the high God and is loving and merciful |
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| sold his shipping business and gave the proceeds to the Roman Church. When they finally rejected his heresy they returned his money |
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| worshiping on the first day of the week in Rome |
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| Old Testament prophets predict Jesus Christ but reject Sabbath and circumcision |
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| styles himself a Christian philosopher after trying and rejecting the major philosophies of his day |
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| Irenaeus of Lyon - Century |
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| wrote Against Heresies ca. 180 |
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| Irenaeus of Lyon - Thought |
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Definition
| Christ must be true God and true human to bring God and humans together |
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| learned at the feet of Polycarp, who learned from John, and he claimed authority based on getting his information in a direct way from an apostle |
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| Clement of Alexandria - Century |
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Definition
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| Clement of Alexandria - Event |
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| second teacher in the school of biblical exegesis at Alexandria |
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| Clement of Alexandria - Thought |
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Definition
| all that is best in philosophy was derived from revelation through Moses and the prophets |
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| Clement of Alexandria - Story |
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Definition
| was a high-born, well-educated Greek who traveled and studied widely |
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| the Montanist Heresy attracts him because of its rigorist ethic |
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| begins Latin theology with the economy of God, where he sees Jesus Christ as "light from light and true God from true God." |
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| is a Roman citizen with a patrician upbringing and education, as such he sees Christianity through conservative, Roman mores |
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| wrote commentaries on every book of Scripture |
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| Jesus was God through participation, not by nature |
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| when as a teen his father was martyred he wanted to join him, but was stopped by his bishop; to gain self- control it is probable that he castrated himself |
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| became the model anchorite, the first ascetic to leave the Nile valley for the upper desert |
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| he wanted to live out the injunctions of Scripture rather than discuss them |
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| did battle with demons in spiritual warfare, and defeated the devil by living like Christ. |
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| Cyprian of Carthage - Century |
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Definition
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| Cyprian of Carthage - Event |
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Definition
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| Cyprian of Carthage - Thought |
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| the bishop is the church; only the bishop can forgive sins |
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| Cyprian of Carthage - Story |
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| martyred by his choice for an example to his people by Valerius |
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| begins great persecution of 303-313 |
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| to bring the Roman Empire back to its former glory he called for a return to traditional Roman religion and pushed to eradicate new religions such as Christianity and Manicheanism |
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| forced to withdraw from active leadership by poor health in 304/305, every son, cousin or other claimant to the throne came forward to get a piece of the empire |
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| ended the persecution begun by Diocletian |
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| followed and continued the practice of a Christian official not receiving baptism until just before death so that forgiveness would cover all actions |
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| chaired the Council of Nicea in 325, then forced all to sign the Nicean Creed on pain of death, then, when the bishops backed away from the creed, he forced all to repudiate it on pain of death |
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| condemned at Council of Nicea in 325 |
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| there was a time when Jesus was not, he was the first creature through whom all was created |
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| argued with his bishop, Alexander of Alexandria, over the divine nature of Christ |
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| wrote the Life of Anthony |
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| Jesus Christ, God the Son, has the same divine nature as God the Father |
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| banished five times for upholding the Nicean formula |
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| the Dontatists split from the Catholics over the election of the dubious Caeculius as bishop of Carthage |
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| we Donatists, the few, are the true people of God; the Catholics, the many, are the antichrist |
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| 2nd bishop elected by the rigorist group against Caeculius |
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| Basil of Caesarea - Century |
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| Basil of Caesarea - Event |
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| Basil of Caesarea - Thought |
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| the Holy Spirit is God with the same divine nature as the Father and Son |
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| Basil of Caesarea - Story |
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| educated in Athens in the schools of philosophy and attempted an urban Christian ascetic movement |
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| turned her family estate into a monastic experiment where she and her slaves lived as equals |
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| taught the ascent of the soul to God in Christian terms |
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| older sister of Basil and she learned philosophy and religion from him and through her reading |
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| Gregory of Nyssa - Century |
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| wrote the Life of Macrina and On the Making of Man |
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| Gregory of Nyssa - Thought |
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| taught that Origen was right when he said all would be saved, even the devil (Apokatastasis) |
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| little brother of Basil of Ceasarea who was a brilliant writer himself; he carried on the work of his family in both theology and monasticism |
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| Gregory of Nazianzus - Century |
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| Gregory of Nazianzus - Event |
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| as bishop of Constantinople he chaired the Council of Constantinople in 381 |
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| Gregory of Nazianzus - Thought |
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Definition
| in his five Theological Orations he details the Trinity doctrine as accepted at Constantinople |
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| Gregory of Nazianzus - Story |
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| Basil's best friend and school chum, allowed Basil to make him bishop of Nazianzus to defeat the politics at Valens, but was later deposed as bishop of Constantinople. He never really forgave Basil for this. |
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| Alaric the Goth sacks Rome in 410. Augustine wrote City of God in response |
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| the church is protected, Satan is bound, so the church cannot err. |
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| he is at long last converted through the prayers and influence of his mother, Monnica, and the biblical interpretation of Ambrose of Milan |
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| John Chrysostom - Century |
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Definition
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| His reforms against ostentation at Constantinople caused eastern emperor Arcadius much trouble. He was eventually marched to death in the heat of summer, 407, around the Black Sea |
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| John Chrysostom - Thought |
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Definition
| emphasized the change wrought by ordination in his book On the Priesthood |
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| Chrysostom stands for golden-mouthed as John was the finest preacher in the world |
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| comes to Rome and criticizes the laxity of Christians there |
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| human freedom of the will is so innate that each person falls on account of his own sin, like Adam did |
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| came to Rome from his native Britain and even after he is virtually exiled from Rome and moves east he is counted as orthodox both in Britain and by the Greek fathers |
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| translated the Latin Vulgate from Hebrew and Greek |
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| taught the perpetual virginity of Mary and the moral superiority of celibacy to marriage |
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| during the Origenist controversy, he named Origen a heretic and publicly disavowed him while at the same time heavily using Origen's commentaries in his own commentaries. |
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| followed Jerome to Palestine, financing both his trip and both their monasteries near Bethlehem |
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| she articulated, along with Jerome, the superiority of the celibate ascetic life |
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| she was a rich widow from the west who was attracted to the east by the asceticism |
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| you can distinguish between the divinity and humanity of Jesus so clearly that it is impossible to say that Mary bore God, or that God suffered |
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| brought to Constantinople by the Empress Eudoxia who arranged for him to be bishop, but it was Eudoxia who brought him down when he criticized her morals and she changed her Christology |
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| Theodore of Mopsuestia - Century |
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| Theodore of Mopsuestia - Event |
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| in the writing of his Psalms commentaries he held only four Psalms to be Christological |
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| Theodore of Mopsuestia - Thought |
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| stressed that Christ had two complete and distinct natures, and allegory was illegitimate in the interpretation of Scripture |
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| Theodore of Mopsuestia - Story |
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Definition
| he was the student of Diodore of Tarsus along with John Chrysostom |
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| Cyril of Alexandria - Century |
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Definition
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| Cyril of Alexandria - Event |
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Definition
| Council of Chalcedon accepted Cyril's and Theodore's Christology but not that of Nestorius |
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| Cyril of Alexandria - Thought |
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| Hypostatic Union - Christ has two natures but they are joined in such a way as to be indistinguishable |
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| Cyril of Alexandria - Story |
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Definition
| he fought long to get all Antiochene Christology banned, but in the end agreed to live and let live, except Nestorius |
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| he destroyed pagan shrines on his chosen retreat on Montecassino |
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| obedience to God and Abbot, giving up your own will to your spiritual leader |
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| in writing The Rule he drew from all the previous rules and formed a moderate consensus |
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| Gregory the Great - Century |
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Definition
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| Gregory the Great - Event |
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Definition
| left to defend Rome alone, he bought off the Ostrogoths from sacking Rome using church funds |
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| Gregory the Great - Thought |
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Definition
| he encouraged relics, asceticism, and missions |
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| Gregory the Great - Story |
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Definition
| the son of a Roman senator and rose to praetor at an early age. He was also the grandson of Pope Felix III. He could have been a very successful statesman but chose to be an ascetic and churchman |
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| Pope Leo III crowns him emperor of Rome on Christmas, 800 |
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| revived the study of canon law and Scripture |
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| oversaw the Carolingian Renaissance and though crowned by a pope felt that bishops should be subject to their secular overlords |
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| wrote the Proslogion as a deductive argument from effect to cause for the existence of God (ontological argument) |
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| developed substitutionary atonement in commercial terms of satisfaction--Christ paid the debt we could not pay |
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| this Italian became Archbishop of Canterbury (England) but was best known for his theological reflection |
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| wrote the Sentences which became the norm for theological reflection |
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| emphasized seven sacraments |
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| as teacher at the University of Paris, he represents a new norm of theology being centered in the universities rather than in the bishops |
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| Francis of Assisi - Century |
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Definition
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| Francis of Assisi - Event |
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Definition
| founded Franciscan Order (and Poor Clares and Tertiaries) as monastic reform |
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| Francis of Assisi - Thought |
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Definition
| he urged poverty, chastity and obedient service, as well as public preaching and missionary work |
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| Francis of Assisi - Story |
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| the son of a wealthy merchant who turned from his wealth to serve the poor. He did not at first intend the order, it grew around him, then he led it. |
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| Aristotle's writings are reintroduced in the west from Islam |
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| through reason and observation one can build a natural theology that parallels revealed theology |
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| called the "dumb ox" in school for his slowness of thought, he came to be known as the "angelic doctor" in later life for his meticulous reasoning. (His analogies came to be know as Thomisms) |
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| John Duns Scotus - Century |
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Definition
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| wrote (yet another) commentary on the Sentences |
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| John Duns Scotus - Thought |
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Definition
| emphasized will over reason and ontology over analogy. |
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| This scholastic Franciscan came to be known as the "subtle doctor" on account of theological distinctions where he pulled together the Neo- Platonic Augustine and the Aristotelian Thomas and everyone between. (His doctrines of being came to be known as Scotisms) |
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| Julian of Norwich - Century |
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Definition
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| Julian of Norwich - Event |
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| while near death from sickness she saw 16 visions which she recorded as Revelations of Divine Love |
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| Julian of Norwich - Thought |
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Definition
| everything has being through the love of God |
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| Julian of Norwich - Story |
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Definition
| her writings were largely ignored until the 19th century renewed interest in spirituality when they were discovered to be rich in the theology of God's personal love and atonement--All shall be well, All shall be well, And all manner of thing shall be well |
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