Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Forensic Psychology Final Study Preparation
Includes Chapter 1-8 Test, Online Quizzes, and Test 2
113
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 2
04/17/2012
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
American Psychology Association
 Definition
was founded in 1969 by psychologists who were interested in the legal system.
Term
Evolutionary
 Definition
Lying is considered to be an adaptive behavior from a(n) _______ point of view.
Term
FMRI
 Definition
The _____ shows a video image of the brain in action.
Term
Profiling
 Definition
The process of drawing inferences about a suspect's personality, behavior, motivation, and demographic characteristics based on evidence in referred to as _________.
Term
NASH
 Definition
The ___ system is utilized to classify causes of death.
Term
Sixth
 Definition
The ___ Amendment guarantees the right to a trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases.
Term
Seventh
 Definition
The _____ Amendment guarantees the right to a trial by jury in most civil cases.
Term
Voir Dire
 Definition
_____ is the final stage in the jury selection process.
Term
Venire
 Definition
______ is a group of prospective jurors.
Term
It has a major impact on the use of social science in court law.
 Definition
Muller v. Oregon made history in what area?
Term
Expert testimony:
 Definition
Provides specialized knowledge.
Term
Roles that psychologist may play in the legal system include:
 Definition
Reformers.
Term
Police prefer a confession because:
 Definition
It saves time.
Term
False confessions may occur as a result of:
 Definition
Intimidation, Deception, and Fatigue.
Term
Of all the traits that can be defined as vulnerability, the msot dangerous vulnerability is:
 Definition
Youth.
Term
The theory behind the polygraph test is that:
 Definition
Lying causes physiological arousal.
Term
The guilty knowledge test focuses on:
 Definition
Whether the suspect knows facts taht one would expect that only the criminal would know.
Term
Which of the following is an example of control question?
 Definition
"Have you ever taken something that did not belong to you?"
Term
Biological evidence may include:
 Definition
Blood, saliva, semen, and skin cells.
Term
The largest DNA database system in the world is maintained by:
 Definition
the FBI
Term
According to the text, there are approximately _____ FBI specialist in the area of profiling.
 Definition
Twelve
Term
Serial killers that tend to torture their victims and kill for sadistic sexual pleasure are referred to as ____ types.
 Definition
Hedonistic
Term
The best predictor of whether a defendant is acquitted or convicted is:
 Definition
The persuasiveness of the evidence presented.
Term
The three component processes in memory are:
 Definition
Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Term
When determining insanity, the courts rely on:
 Definition
Clinical Psychologist
Term
According to the text, postpartum psychosis usually occurs within the:
 Definition
First 90 days following childbirth
Term
Mens rea refers to ________________, whereas actus reas refers to________________.
 Definition
a guilty mind; commitment of a crime.
Term
Malingering refers to the ________________ of psychological symptoms that might lead tot he accuses being termed incompetent to stand trial.
 Definition
faking or exaggeration
Term
Volitional capacity refers to the defendant's:
 Definition
Volitional capacity refers to the defendant's:
Term
A common term used to describe a group of associated symptoms that lead to a significant dysfunction in the performance of normal activities is:
 Definition
Syndrome
Term
According tot he text, it is estimated that approximately ______________________ women will experience serious physical abuse that is described as significant.
 Definition
One in five
Term
The text indicates that batterers are _________________to categorize because they represent a ____________ group.
 Definition
Difficult; diverse
Term
When men kill their intimate partners, there were _________________ in sentencing outcomes between those who had a bench and those who had a jury trial, according to the text.
 Definition
No differences
Term
The term rape trauma syndrome (RTS) can best be described as
 Definition
A cluster of symptoms demonstrated by rape victims.
Term
Research has shown that children _________________ sometimes have difficulty distinguishing between imagined and real events.
 Definition
Under 5
Term
When a child is abused by a parental figure, a reason that the child may recant allegations of abuse may be because of lack of support from:
 Definition
The non-abusing parent
Term
Hearsay testimony is sometimes admissible in trails where a child is an alleged victim because:
 Definition
the idea that children, the victims, can deal with the individual who may have abused them face-to-face is unrealistic.
Term
Memories of abuse that are recalled by adults many years or decades after the alleged abuse are referred to as:
 Definition
Recovered Memories
Term
Much research has demonstrated that victims of traumatic events _________________ the episode.
 Definition
Have vivid memories of
Term
Currently, how many states have sexually violent predator civil commitment laws?
 Definition
20
Term
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that sexually violent predator civil commitment laws did NOT violate double jeopardy?
 Definition
Kansas v. Hendricks
Term
Rates for antisocial personality disorder in the general population range from
 Definition
1%-3%
Term
Which of the following instruments was specifically designed to predict sexual offending?
 Definition
The Sexual Offending Risk Appraisal Guide
Term
Beliefs that other people or forces are controlling one's thoughts or implanting thoughts in one's mind are referred to as:
 Definition
threat/control-override symptoms
Term
How many states have no death penalty?
 Definition
15
Term
Which of the following is not a result of Gregg v. Georgia (1976) and its companion cases?
 Definition
The sentence of death was made mandatory for certain types of murder.
Term
In Ring v. Arizona (2002) the Court held that
 Definition
Only a jury could decide between a sentence of death or life imprisonment.
Term
Potential jurors who are excluded during the process of death qualification because of their opposition to the death penalty are more likely to be
 Definition
Female, African American, and politically liberal
Term
Evidence of racial discrimination in administering the death penalty is clearest in cases involving
 Definition
Rape
Term
Liebman, Fagan, and West (2000) examined every capital case in the United States from 1973 through 1995 and found that ____ of death sentences were reversed because of serious error at trial with the most frequent cause of error being _________.
 Definition
68%; incompetent defense lawyers
Term
In 1972 the Supreme Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in
 Definition
Furman v. Georgia
Term
In 2008 the Supreme Court upheld the use of lethal injection in
 Definition
Baze v. Rees
Term
In Lockhart v. McCree (1986), the Supreme Court reviewed the research on death qualification and
 Definition
dismissed it as irrelevant and upheld the use of death-qualified juries.
Term
Baldus, Woodworth, and Pulaski (1990) analyzed 594 homicides in Georgia and found that blacks convicted of killing whites were sentenced to death in ______ of cases, while whites convicted of killing blacks were sentenced to death in _____ of cases
 Definition
22%; 3%
Term
The brutalization effect refers to the
 Definition
52%; faulty or misleading jury instructions
Term
The most widely used forms of execution in those parts of the world where the death penalty is still used are
 Definition
Hanging and Shooting
Term
The two parts of a bifurcated trial are
 Definition
Guilty Phase and Penalty Phase
Term
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that Individuals with mental retardation cannot be sentenced to death?
 Definition
Atkins v. Virginia
Term
In Roper v. Simmons (2005) the Supreme Court abolished the death penalty for
 Definition
Juvenile Offenders
Term
Criminal behaviors that are ______________ evoke the strongest punitive response.
 Definition
internal, controllable, and stable
Term
The Supreme Court abandoned the mandatory component of the sentencing guidelines in the case of
 Definition
United States v. Booker
Term
The Pennsylvania Plan of prison rehabilitation was replaced by the cheaper, less extreme _____ plan.
 Definition
New York
Term
In which case did the Supreme Court allow the use of law students and paralegals by prisoners to investigate their cases?
 Definition
Procunier v. Martinez
Term
The use of illegal drugs in prison is
 Definition
About 11%
Term
Sentencing guidelines were developed as a result of
 Definition
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984
Term
It is estimated that at least ____ of inmates have serious mental health problems.
 Definition
1/4
Term
How many federal inmates have been convicted of a violent crime?
 Definition
16%
Term
What percentage of prisoners have at least one other family member who has been incarcerated?
 Definition
40%
Term
Research suggests that graduates of "shock" incarceration programs such as "scared straight"
 Definition
are significantly likely to become repeat offenders
Term
The rate of incarceration in the United States is about ____ times higher than that of other industrialized democracies.
 Definition
5
Term
The average cost for prisoners over the age of 55 is _________ per year.
 Definition
Over 80,000
Term
The largest single group of inmates in federal prisons consists of individuals who have been convicted of
 Definition
Drug offenses
Term
The rate of HIV/AIDS among state and federal prisoners is _____ times higher than the rate in the general population.
 Definition
12
Term
Upon being released from prison, approximately ____ percent of inmates will be rearrested and sent back to prison.
 Definition
67%
Term
"Sleep with me if you want to be promoted" is an example of which type of sexual harassment?
 Definition
Quid pro quo
Term
"Sleep with me if you want to be promoted" is an example of which type of sexual harassment?
 Definition
Ellison v. Brady
Term
In ____________ the Court's decision held that in sexual harassment cases it was not necessary to show psychological injury and a reasonable person standard should be applied.
 Definition
Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.
Term
The Supreme Court has instructed lower courts to use which standard to gauge whether the conduct in question created an unlawful hostile environment?
 Definition
Totality of circumstances
Term
Modern forms of racism are
 Definition
More subtle
Term
Studies conducted on desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954 found that
 Definition
desegregation lead to an increase in prejudice of whites toward blacks.
Term
In which of the following schemes for dividing up resources does everybody get the same rewards?
 Definition
Equality
Term
What percentage of women in the military reported being sexually harassed?
 Definition
64%
Term
What percentage of men have reported being harassed by women in the workplace?
 Definition
16%
Term
The Supreme Court ruled that same-sex harassment could be grounds for a lawsuit in
 Definition
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.
Term
The most widely used norm of distributive justice is
 Definition
Equity
Term
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
 Definition
outlawed discrimination based on race and gender.
Term
What percentage of working women have reported being harassed by men at sometime during their careers?
 Definition
53%
Term
In sexual harassment cases plaintiffs win in about ____ of cases.
 Definition
36%
Term
In the case of ______________ the Court ruled that tests for hiring and advancement must show ability to predict job performance.
 Definition
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
Term
Under the doctrine Pater Familias,
 Definition
fathers were automatically granted custody of their children.
Term
Which response style is more common in child custody evaluations?
 Definition
Faking good
Term
The most commonly used test for children in custody evaluations is the
 Definition
Family Drawing Test
Term
Otto and Martindale (2007) found that judges followed experts' recommendations in about ____ percent of child custody cases.
 Definition
60% to 90%
Term
Under the tender years doctrine, unless there were extenuating circumstances,
 Definition
all young children and all female children were placed in the custody of the mother.
Term
To circumvent the vagueness of the best interest of the child standard many states have adopted
 Definition
Preferred custody arrangements
Term
All of the following instruments are commonly used by psychologists in child custody evaluations except the
 Definition
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale fourth edition (WAIS-IV)
Term
Which of the following is not true about mediation?
 Definition
It is more costly than litigation
Term
Which of the following is not a weakness of the best interest of the child standard?
 Definition
There is no presumption of which parent is entitled custody
Term
Kramer, Kerr, and Carroll (1990) exposed mock jurors to either factual or emotional pretrial publicity and found after a 12-day delay
 Definition
the effects of factual pretrial publicity were eliminated.
Term
Which of the following is not a stage in the deliberation process?
 Definition
Closed conflict
Term
The median amount of compensatory damages against corporate defendants is about
 Definition
$25,000
Term
Research suggests that judges and juries agree on verdicts in about ____ of cases.
 Definition
3/4
Term
Which of the following states requires judges preinstruct juries?
 Definition
Arizona
Term
The most effective remedy for the problems created by pretrial publicity is
 Definition
A change of venue
Term
Constitutionally, the minimum number of jurors is
 Definition
6
Term
The act of a jury that deliberately decides to ignore, disregard, or go beyond the law because to do otherwise would violate the moral conscience of the community is known as:
 Definition
Jury nullification
Term
The process by which jurors change their opinions because of compelling arguments from other jurors is known as
 Definition
Informational influence
Term
Which of the following is most strongly correlated with jury verdicts?
 Definition
Evidence strength
Term
Which of the following is false about research on pretrial publicity?
 Definition
Exposure to pretrial publicity does not affect presumptions of guilt or innocence.
Term
Compared to 12-person juries, 6-person juries
 Definition
Are less predictable
Term
Which factor is not related to hung jury rates?
 Definition
Length of trial
Term
In which of the following conditions would a defendant be judged more harshly?
 Definition
A defendant who uses his or her attractiveness to commit a crime.
Term
Research on inadmissible evidence indicates that
 Definition
neither judges nor jurors are able to disregard inadmissible evidence.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!