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| very hard, therefore very durable |
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| intact even in children - unlike bones |
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| History of many fossils is |
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| Reflect genetic differences |
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| covering of crown (4% organic and 96% inorganic) |
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| embedded in alveolar bone |
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| covering of root 50/50 organic/inorganic |
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| lies around cementum which attaches root to bone |
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| Cervix or neck, is meeting between |
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| External meeting between enamel and cementum is the |
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| CEJ- the cemento-enamel junction |
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| Pulp activity is at center of |
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| tooth. It has a rich vascular and nerve supply in soft pulp-gives rise to odontoblasts which form dentin in adults |
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| hard calcified tissue, softer than enamel but harder than bone (25% organic/75% inorganic) surrounds pulp cavity in both crown and root |
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| Cementum covers tooth below gum line and |
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| can be an indicator of nutrition and chewing stress |
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| In animal studies: with tough food- |
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| collagen fibers are vertical and vertical bands are opaque |
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| In animal studies: with soft food- |
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| collagen fibers are horizontal, and horizontal bands are translucent |
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| In animal studies: when times are tough- |
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| eat anything, even tougher less choice food, therefore opaque bands |
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| In animal studies: when times are easy- |
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| can choose soft food therefore bands are translucent |
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| toward the midline of the mouth |
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| toward the lips (front teeth) |
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| toward the cheeks (back teeth) |
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| grinding surface of back teeth |
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| cutting surface of front teeth |
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| toward the apex or tip of the root |
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| adjacent surfaces of adjacent teeth |
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| an elevation on the occlusal surface of a tooth |
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| a rounded prominence on the incisal edge of newly erupted incisors |
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| a sharp pointed depression |
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| slightly rounded elevation on tooth |
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| a depression on the surface of a tooth |
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| Humans have a _________ dentition, because we have teeth that differ in both form and function |
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| incisors, canines, premolars/bicuspids, and molars |
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| front of mouth, single cutting edge, flattened labiolingual cusp, single root |
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| Canines (4) pillars of the |
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| dental arch, longest roots, single pointed cusp, also sexual dimorphism |
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| 2 cusps (buccal and lingual), typically single root except uppers may have double roots |
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| 3 grinding teeth per quadrant, 2-3 roots, 3-5 cusps, with complex cusp and fissure patterns |
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| To compare teeth of animals we divide the mouth into |
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4 quadrants along the middle of the mouth. In humans we have 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars per quadrant, therefore our dental formula is
2.1.2.3(x 4= 32 teeth) |
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| When the dental formula is the same for the upper and lower jaws we do not |
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| repeat the numbers. If it were different we would write the upper formula over the lower formula and separate the two with a line |
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| Note young children have no |
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| premolars. They have 2 incisors, one canine, and two molars |
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| humans have two sets of teeth like other mammals |
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| Deciduous, a.k.a milk teeth are the |
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| baby teeth = 20 teeth (no premolars) |
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| adult teeth in mouth after age 12 usually 2.1.2.3 |
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| a combination of adult and baby teeth between ages 6 and 12 |
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| Y-5 = 5 cusps with a distal cusp at the back and large contact area between |
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| the mesiolingual and distobuccal (centrobuccal) cusps |
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| Y-4 = 4 cusps with large contact between |
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| mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps |
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| +5 = distal cusp but other 4 have |
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| equal contact in the center of the tooth's occlusal surface |
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| +4 = 4 cusps with equal contact at center of |
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| the tooth's occlusal surface |
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| X-5 = there is a fifth distal cusp but the |
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| mesiolingual and distobuccal (centrobuccal) cusps do not meet |
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| X-4 = 4 cusps with not contact between |
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| mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps |
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| FDI which is used in many countries of the world. It assigns each of the permanent teeth a number starting with the |
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| central incisors (#1) and going up to 8 for the permanent third molars. To designate the quadrants of the mouth the first letter in the number is the quadrant e.g. upper right is 1, upper left is 2, and lower left is 3 and lower right is 4. This is to replace the Palmer system which cannot be typed up easily |
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| To designate baby teeth the numbers are |
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| 1 to 5, and the quadrants number 5 through 8 e.g. 55 is the primary right upper second molar; 17 is the permanent right upper second molar |
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| The universal system is used in the U.S. it numbers the permanent teeth sequentially 1-32 starting with the |
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| upper right third molar and ending with the lower right third molar. Primary dentition runs the same way starting with A, the upper right second molar and ending with T, the lower right second molar |
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| Carabelli's cusp: an extreme small cusp which when found is on the |
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| lingual surface of first and second maxillary molar teeth. Found in most modern populations except Asians |
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| Shovel-shaped incisors: a lingual extension of the lateral borders of the incisors creating a |
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| lingual fossa which is supposed to resemble a shovel. (80% in North American aboriginal and Asian populations) |
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| Enamel pearl- pearl of enamel found on either |
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| Odontomes- a tooth like structure that develops in |
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| abnormal locations usually but not always in mandible or maxilla |
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| extra teeth, usually strangely shaped and found lingually behind regular tooth row |
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| Enamel extensions- onto root- |
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| can provide pockets for bacteria |
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| Impacted teeth- teeth that remain |
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| inside jaw or erupt into neighboring teeth and get stuck |
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| Protostylid- a feature found on the |
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| buccal side of the crown of all permanent lower molars |
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| curve to fit arch. In winging, a tooth tips too much toward center of mouth |
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| These conditions can be unilateral |
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| (on one side) or bilateral (both sides) |
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