Term
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Definition
| Bone is capable of absorbing and rebounding from stress without being permanently deformed |
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Term
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Definition
| Point at which bone permanently deforms |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone is no longer capable of absorbing and rebounding from stress and is permanently deformed. |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which stress becomes too great and the bone fractures |
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Term
Gunshot Wounds vs. Blunt Force Trauma:
Blunt Force Trauma on bone |
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Definition
| very slow, bones will go through plastic deformation |
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Term
Gunshot Wounds vs. Blunt Force Trauma:
Gunshot Wounds effect on bone |
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Definition
| wounds are quick, no plastic deformation seen |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognized by crushed and fractured bone with radiating fractures emanating from site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Imprint of impacting instrument is clearly visible on the affected tissue; identifies a patterned injury |
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Term
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Definition
| seen in BFT and gunshot wounds; radiating lines dispersing outward from impact site |
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Term
| Concentric or Hoop Fractures |
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Definition
| caused by inward and outward bending of the surface of bone. |
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Term
| Characteristics of instruments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cross-sectional outline and its longitudinal configuration:
Round or angular |
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Term
| It is easier to match pattern injury when... |
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Definition
| you have something smaller and heavier |
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Term
|
Definition
| falling, plane and auto accidents |
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Term
| Forces in deceleration injuries |
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Definition
| shearing and crushing injuries to joints |
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Term
| Sharp Force Trauma Definition |
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Definition
| Narrowly focused, dynamic compression forces applied to the surface of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| puncture, incision, or cleft |
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Term
| SFT additional discontinuities |
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Definition
| fracture lines, hinge fractures, and chips of bone (wastage) |
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Term
|
Definition
Forces delivered by a pointed instrument directed vertically to bone surface:
Circular to oblong in edge
Fracture lines and hinge fractures may be present |
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Term
|
Definition
Defects are longer than they are wide:
-Forces applied across the surface of a bone with an implement having a long, sharp end
-Slashing actions or stabbings that graze the cortical surface
-Fracture lines and hinge fractures are usually absent
-Cuts can be thin lines or strongly V-shaped |
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Term
|
Definition
Vertically applied dynamic force, with an instrument having a long, sharp edge:
V-shaped notch that penetrates the interior of the bone
Fracture lines and hinge fractures may be present |
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Term
| Knive characteristics determined by wound |
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Definition
Length and width
Single or double-sided blade
Serrated or smooth |
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Term
|
Definition
Blunt
Sharp
Projectile
Misc. (deceleration injuries) |
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Term
| Blunt Force Trauma Definition |
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Definition
| Any injury caused by a force that has a wide area of impact on bone |
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Term
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Definition
| An infraction (incomplete fracture) that is still attached at an unnatural angle |
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Term
|
Definition
Breaks in bones without separation
Characteristic of a perimortem time period |
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Term
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Definition
| When fractured surfaces no longer meet or meet at an unnatural angle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Tension, Compression, Torsion, Bending, Shearing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
combination of tension and compression.
Bone usually fails first on tension side |
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Term
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Definition
Force breaks unstabilized part of bone (ex. ski boot)
forces associated with fractures |
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Term
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Definition
Distal radius fracture due to a shear force
Normally see shear fractures when falling and putting out arms |
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Term
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Definition
Bending Force
Defensive fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| shows relationship between stress and strain in bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| deformation of a solid due to stress |
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Term
| Handguns and Rifles Expell... |
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Definition
single projectiles or bullets
Caliber is the diameter of a bullet and/or barrel |
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Term
|
Definition
multiple projectiles or pellets (solid lead balls)
Gauge is the maximum weight of a lead ball
Lots of damage and shock |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bullet, casing, gunpowder and primer |
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Term
|
Definition
| A thin copper (or other metal) coating on the bullet |
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Term
|
Definition
| total jacket, full-metal jacket, semi-jacket |
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Term
|
Definition
| reduce the deformation and fragmentation of the projectile during passage |
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Term
| Problem with non-jacketed bullets |
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Definition
| deform while passing through soft tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| can be seen when a bullet passes through; shows the path of the bullet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| When a bullet enters body, damage is caused not just by the bullet but also by the force involved |
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Term
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Definition
| Bullet path after entering body |
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Term
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Definition
| The force going into the body, which causes blow back and destroys surrounding soft tissue |
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Term
| When bullet enters and hits a bone... |
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Definition
| the bone shatters and the pieces act as a secondary projectile |
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Term
| The shape of the skull will change due to ... |
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Definition
| force, which causes additional fractures |
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Term
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Definition
| round and oval in shape, keyhole wound, perforating, penetrating |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leaves the body; an exit wound is present |
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Term
| soft tissue characteristics of GSW |
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Definition
| abrasion ring, muzzle imprint, grey-black discoloration, star-shaped entrance, powder tattooing(stippling) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gases enter below the skin and blow the skin surface back against the muzzle of the gun |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
powder tattoing or stipple
Revolvers-stipple should not be expected beyone a distance of 2 or 3 times the length of the barrel |
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Term
|
Definition
anything beyond intermediate range
No soft tissue changes |
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Term
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Definition
The diploe is exposed on the inner table
When bullet enters cranial vault |
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Term
|
Definition
| the diploe is exposed on the outer table when bullet leaves the cranial vault |
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Term
| In a normal wound the exit wound is...? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
bullet strikes on a tangent(angle)
Entrance exhibits both inner and outer beveling |
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Term
| Caliber size can be difficult to tell because: |
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Definition
so many are close in size
Bullet deformation |
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Term
|
Definition
| To determine which wound came first, look at intersecting fracture lines and the one that has terminating fracture lines came last |
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Term
|
Definition
Diaphysis usually shatters
Metaphysis or Epiphysis usually does not |
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Term
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Definition
| can sometimes be able to determine entrance and exit |
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Term
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Definition
| radiographs which show debris from projectile ex. shotgun |
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Term
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Definition
| Nail is still a projectile so entrance wounds look similar |
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Term
| Dismemberment usually occurs... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Doctor at Mercyhurst who is foremost expert at looking at trauma due to a saw to determine what class of saw |
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Term
| Characteristics of saw wounds |
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Definition
| kerf, superficial false start scratches, false-start kerf, sectioned bone cuts, breakaway spur, striae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| superficial false start scratches |
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Definition
| blade of saw drawn across bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bouncing of saw blade off of bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| breakage of bone during final stroke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Powers saws have small teeth which create.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hand saws have few teeth which create.. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| indicates course saw with few teeth |
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Term
| Smooth kerf floor indicates... |
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Definition
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Term
| Who can obtain medical records? |
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Definition
| Only death investigator; not police |
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Term
|
Definition
| Matching antemortem info with skeletal remains |
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Term
| Presumptive idenitification |
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Definition
An exact match is not made.
All antemortem info is consistent with the skeletal remains and there are no inconsistencies |
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Term
| Finding a driver's license is what kind of i.d.? |
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Definition
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Term
| First task with unknown skeletal remains? |
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Definition
| make a positive identification |
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Term
| Info used in making identification with fresh remains |
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Definition
| fingerprints, odontology, antemortem xrays, tattoos and scars, DNA(last resort) |
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Term
| Info used in making identification with skeletal remains |
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Definition
| odontology, antemortem xrays, DNA |
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Term
| It is up to whom to decide a positive identification? |
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Definition
| Medical Examiner or Coroner |
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Term
| Databases are used to ... |
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Definition
| contain information about the unknown decedent and an artist rendering |
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Term
| Types of searches used to make positive identification: |
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Definition
| Missing persons reports, databases, facial reconstructions or forensic artist images |
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Term
|
Definition
| Florida Unidentified decedents database |
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Term
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Definition
managed by District 20
contains biological info, personal effects, and sometimes artist's rendering |
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Term
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Definition
| body discovered by fisherman was sketched and image distributed, led to conviction of 2 yr old Riley's mother and father for murder |
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Term
| Types of clay facial reconstruction |
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Definition
| The American method and the Manchester method |
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Term
Clay facial reconstruction:
American Method |
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Definition
| uses tissue depth markers based on sex and ancestry tables, all filled in with clay up to depth markers, clay smoothed out and eyebrows etc. added |
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Term
Clay Facial reconstruction:
Manchester method |
|
Definition
puts individual muscles in place
Caroline Wilkinson-Manchester School of Facial Reconstruction |
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Term
| Facial Reconstruction now moving to |
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Definition
| computer graphic facial reconstruction using CT scans |
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Term
| King Tut was reconstructed using? |
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Definition
| around 1700 CT scans and computer programs |
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Term
| Identification of the Skeleton |
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Definition
| Odontology, Variation, pathologies and injuries, surgical procedures and devices, DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
Word of mouth and anecdotal evidence from family
Medical Records |
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Term
|
Definition
FBI (no cost for ME)
Private Labs (at cost, if needed quick) |
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Term
|
Definition
Nuclear(requires sample from remains and sample of blood, soft tissue, or hair to test against)
Mitochondrial(Requires sample from remains and sample from maternal line) |
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Term
| Best part of skeleton to obtain DNA |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| First step if only skeletal, second step if soft tissue remains |
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Term
| Odontological characteristics to look for in making I.D. |
|
Definition
Dental Work: fillings, crowns, etc.
Structure of teeth and bone
Variation: crowding, missing teeth
Braces: one premolar missing from either side
Dental tattoos
Decorative caps
Dentures(Probable only;NOT positive) |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides a positive id by looking at right and left sides and upper border |
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Term
|
Definition
Ph.D. Quantico
studied 503 individuals and 96% accuracy of correct i.d. with frontal sinus |
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Term
| True or False: Twins have different frontal sinuses |
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Definition
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Term
| Problem with frontal sinuses for I.d. |
|
Definition
| Requires antemortem image |
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Term
|
Definition
| looks at the 3 segments for fusion of the segments, sternal foramen variation, and overall shape |
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Term
|
Definition
looks at how rib attaches to sternum
Bifid rib-bifurcated |
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Term
| Antemortem/postmortem comparisons |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Osteoporotic compression fractures of the vertebrae;
Causes hunching over |
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Term
| Four stages of bone fracture healing |
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Definition
| Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous formation, bony callous formation, bone remodeling |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Fbrocartilaginous formation |
|
Definition
| soft-tissue callus forms to unite broken ends |
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Term
|
Definition
| woven bone(disorganized bone) laid down quickly for rigid repair |
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Term
|
Definition
happens over time
Organized bone |
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|
Term
| Timeframe for bone remodeling |
|
Definition
| typically three to six months (same for tooth socket) |
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Term
|
Definition
| joint replacements, plates, screws, etc. |
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Term
| How surgical devices are used for I.D.? |
|
Definition
If person known: Medical records, radiograph comparison
If person unknown: serial numbers(no database, must contact mfg.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| evidence of fractured nasal bones |
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Term
|
Definition
open heart surgery
Metal sutures used and not removed due to motion of breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
hole drilled in skull;
archaeological remains |
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Term
|
Definition
| hole from drill used to relieve pressure from brain bleed |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain surgery where cranial vault section cut out to get to brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| chronic ear infection causes pus; pus creates a hole through which it can leave by |
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Term
| Picture on picture superimpostion was used on...? |
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Definition
| Mona-Lisa and Da Vinci to show similarities |
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Term
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Definition
Study of the laws of burial;
Changes to the biological organisms between time of death and time of discovery |
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Term
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Definition
| Examines how taphonomic forces alter evidence that is the subject of a medicolegal investigation |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Scene is looked at to determine difference between...? |
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Definition
| perimortem trauma from postmortem pseudotrauma |
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Term
| Increased temperature and increased humidity equals... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Florida summer could give a complete skeleton in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| increased temperature and decreased humidity |
|
Definition
ex. egypt
slow decomp. poss. mummification |
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Term
| decreased temperature and decreased humidity |
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Definition
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|
Term
on ground decomp vs. in ground:
Which is faster |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in ground decomp slower because |
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Definition
animal and insect access is limited;
also avoides temp. and weather issues |
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Term
| Postmortem decomp. caused by |
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Definition
| bacteria which grow rampant and release enzymes which attact insects fairly quickly after death |
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Term
|
Definition
autolysis(cell death);
degeneration of body tissues by the digestive tissues normally contained in the digestive tract |
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Term
|
Definition
| When microorganisms normally residing within body tissues(particularly bacteria of the intestinal tract) begin to proliferate and breakdown biological components |
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Term
| Side effect of putrefaction: |
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Definition
| Gas, which results in bloating |
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Term
| Rigor Mortis AKA Postmortem Rigidity |
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Definition
stiffness of body
In most cases, muscles flaccid after death, stiffness occurs approx. 1 to 3 hrs after death |
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Term
|
Definition
Blood remains where it has settled;
Can indicate if body has been moved
Colors-Violet or purple |
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Term
|
Definition
| body cooling to equilize with surrounding environment |
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Term
| Old rule of thumb with Algor Mortis |
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Definition
| temp fell 1.5 degrees F every hour; not accurate enough to use |
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