1. Enhances joint congruity

2. Cushions ag compressive F

3. Separates distal ulna from direct contact with the carpals but allows gliding betwen the carpals, disk and ulna during P/S

1. Convex

2. concave

1. 66%

2. Extension 

1. lateral 

2. Flexed

1. concave

2. Convex

1. Prevent bowstringing 

2. Promote efficiency in flexion

1. Extended 20 degrees

2. Ulnar Deviation 10 degrees

1. flexed 45 degrees

2. flexed 30-45 degrees 

3. 10-20 degrees

1. 1st CMC partially abducted and Opposed 

2. MP joint flexed 10 degree

3. IP joint flexed 5 degree

1. Pinch 

2. Palmar (holding a Pencil)

3. Lateral (holding a key) 

1. Cylindrical 

2. Spherical 

3. Hook 

1. an increase in tissue pressure with in a closed osteofascial compartment which compromises blood flow to the muscles and nerves with in the compartment 

2. begins when tissue pressure is greater than venous pressure and impair s blood outflow

1) lack of oxygenated blood and lack of waste removal leading to pain and decresed nerve sensation 

2) absence of distal pulse 

3) hypoesthesia

4) extremity paresis

1)External Compartment resriction

2) Tight splints, casts, dressings

3) Burns 

4) Tight fascial closure during ORIF 

5) Malfunctioning sequential pressure devices 

6) Postoperative hematoma /muscle edema

7) Trauma producing hematoma/edema

1)Crescendo pain

2) Pain with passive stretch of fingers (most reliable sign)

3) Paresthesia (not Reliable)

4) diminished or absent pulse

5) pallor

6) Porkiness

1) Bivalve or removal of casts, dressings, ect

2) early faciotomy if pressure remains

1) Untreated compartment syndrome

1)Prolonged muscle ischemia results in necrosis which leads to scarring and contracture 

2) Rhabdomyolysis 

3) Renal Failure

1) Bilateral Sypmtoms

2) Pain may be reproduced at specific workload or time interval 

3) Swollen and tender compartments shortly after activity 

4) Symptoms tend to resolve after an hour of ceasing activity 

1) Spontaneous onset

2) Gradually increasing pain at night

3) Pain radiating to forearm, elbow and shoulder

4) Numbness/tingle along median n. distribution

4) Sense of weakness of hand

5) Thenar atrophy 

1) Eliminate Cause

2) NSAIDS

3) Injections

4) Splinting 

5) Stretching 

6) Neural Glides

7) Surgical Release

1)Entrapment at Guyon's canal 

2) resulting from pressure of tumor, ganglia, constricting bands of muscle or thrombosis of ulnar artery

1) pain or numbness along ulnar border 

2) Claw Hand

1)Allen test 

2) NCV

1) Splinting 

2) avoidance 

3) Neural Glides

4) surgical 

1) Fall on out stretched hand (supinated)

2) chronic or repetitive rotational loading

Medial wrist pain just distal to ulna, with an increase at end range pronation/supination and forceful gripping

1) Painful Clicking

2) Tenderness localized to dorsal anatomical depression

3) Painful crepitus in posterior mobilization of carpal condyle against head of ulna in ulnar deviation

4) Pain in passive supination combined with ulnar deviation 

1) Conservative 

2) Surgical 

1) valgus force on an abducted thumb 

2) RA can cause ligament laxity 

1)pain and swelling in the ulnar aspect of the thumb

2) Laxity on the valgus stress test

3) Decreased ROM

1) Grade 1 and 2 are non surgical 

2) Grade 3 are surgical 

1) Pain 

2) stiffness

3) Joint damage

4) Instability 

5) deformity 

1) Ulnar Drift 

2) Boutonnier Deformity

3) Swan Neck 

1) Control Inflamation

2) Exercise to maintain strength 

3) Joint protection 

4) Splinting 

5) Pain Management 

1) race 

2) Sex (males 7-15x higher incidence)

3) Alcohol consumption

4) Smoking

1) Adjacent to a joint or tendon sheath.

2) on dorsum of wrist in radiocarpal region  

1) Pain over APL/EPB with ulnar deviation and flexion and adduction of the thumb

2) crepitation and triggering

3) Palpable thickening of extensor sheath

4) Positive Finkelstein's test 

1) NSAIDS/ Steroid Injection

2) Immobilization for 3 weeks

3) Surgical Release

1) metacarpal head

2) A1 pulley 

1) Injection

2) MP flexion block splint for involved digit

3) Surgical release

1) 50 

2) zone 

3) 2 

1) triggering 

2) delayed rupture

1) pain 

2) Swelling

3) volar bruising under the IP 

4) LOM

5) Weakness

1) Price 

2) Splinting 

3) Surgery if avulsed 

1) human bites

2) Anima Bites

3) IV drug use

4) Myobacterial 

5) viruses

6) pyogenic granuloma

1) Superficial spreading 

2) Subcutaneous abcess

3) synovial sheath 

4) Fascial space

1) Pain on central dorsal aspect of wrist esp after activity

2) stiffness

3) LOM

4) decreased strength 

1) weakness with grasping 

2) Chronic wrist pain 

1) intrarticular 

2) extraarticular 

1) closed reduction 

2) casting in supination for 3 wks 

1) Dorsal Wrist Pain 

2) tenderness over anatomical snuff box

1) extreme pain at base of thumb

2) tenderness 

3) swelling 

1) Closed Reduction 

2) Thumb Spica

3) internal fixation

1) Advance scapholunate dissociation 

2) Extension instability 

3) Nonunion of scaphoid with carpal instability 

4) Failed silicone lunate implant arthroplasty 

5) Keinbock's Disease

1) Pain triggered by noxious event , not limited to a single peripheral nerve

2) edema

3) stiffness

4) skin temperature change

5) sweating

1) Pain syndrome that involves direct partial or complete injury to a nerve or its major branches

2) Edema

3) Stiffness

4) Skin temperature change 

5) sweating 

1) Limb is flushed 

2) warm and dry

3) Stimulation of sweat glands is reduced

4) Edema

5) increased nail and hair growth 

1) Diffuse

2) throbbing 

3) Burning 

4) Aching 

1) limb turns cold 

2) Sweaty

3) cyanotic from vasoconstriction caused by paradoxical sympathetic stimulation 

1) pale 

2)Mottled

3) edematous

4) sweaty 

1) Continuous 

2) Burning

3) throbbing 

1) Muscle Wasting 

2) Joint Stiffness

1) Irreversible 

2) joints

1) atrophy 

2) weak 

3) Stiff

1) cool

2) glossy

3) pale

4) cyanotic