Term
| 2 genetic categories of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-Sexual diploids
-Apomictic tetraploids |
|
|
Term
| A little more energy and lots more protein in pasture because... |
|
Definition
| when the stuff is stored as hay, the protein breaks down and denatures |
|
|
Term
| ADF translates to this regarding after the animal eats it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abomasum called glandular stomach because... |
|
Definition
| it’s similar to our stomach |
|
|
Term
| Alfalfa grown in California is grown under ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All improved cultivars of orchardgrass are this genetic type (like alfalfa) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Annual (Italian) Ryegrass is adapted to most of the US except |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apomictic means they produce seed w/o fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Apply [how much N/A] 30 days after seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Apply this prior to seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assign forage to animals based on... |
|
Definition
| objective of production and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria do this to break down the cell wall of plant material |
|
Definition
| secrete enzymes, which help break down the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria secrete enzymes that help... |
|
Definition
| break down cell walls and release cell contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Apply P, K prior to seeding
-Fine firm seed bed necessary
-Small seed
-Plant 35 lbs seed/A (0.5” deep)
-Disk! and roll field to get firm contact
-Apply 30 lbs N/A after 30 days
-Second application of N after 60 days
-Mow to 2-3” high for weed control |
|
|
Term
| Basic Required Nutrients for livestock |
|
Definition
-Water
-Protein
-Minerals
-Vitamins
-Fats
-Energy |
|
|
Term
| Bermuda grass does best on ______ soils. Bahia on ______ soils. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Body condition score is the best measure of ______ and a good indicator of ______. |
|
Definition
past nutritional status
future reproductive performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an estimation of the amount of body fat a cow has |
|
|
Term
| Chief pepsin cells produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clay content of soils increases in this direction in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-forage
-grain
-byproducts
-fat |
|
|
Term
| Corn is ensiled because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this means it has a tap root and roots branching out from it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen from getting into the mitochondria. |
|
|
Term
| Cyanide is rapidly absorbed from... |
|
Definition
| the stomach, lungs, mucosal surfaces, and unbroken skin. |
|
|
Term
| Dhurrin (prussic acid) is most prevalent in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do not graze after this date during establishment year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dormancy is important in alfalfa because... |
|
Definition
| it controls autumn growth and regrowth rate during the year |
|
|
Term
| Drought tolerant varieties of perennial ryegrass exist and are used in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each compartment of the ruminant stomach has a different... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of tall fescue Endophyte Toxin in Cattle |
|
Definition
-vasoconstriction
-decreased prolactin |
|
|
Term
| Endophyte fungus does not ______ plant cells, rather... |
|
Definition
penetrate
grows in between cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Energy is derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelium in ruminants possess multiple layers, referred to then as... |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal Impaction (Choke) in horses |
|
Definition
| Foreign object or feed lodging in esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Establishment and Fertility of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Same as Perennial ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| Excess calories are stored in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess forage stored because... |
|
Definition
| you don’t want it to go to waste |
|
|
Term
| Festulolium is a hybrid of... |
|
Definition
| meadow fescue x Italian ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| Fiber, protein, starch inside... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First GMO trades in [this year] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone which secretes gastric acid – 10-30 liters. Continues during feeding |
|
|
Term
| Gotta rely on feed, hay, and supplementation during winter because of... |
|
Definition
| forages being dormant and such |
|
|
Term
| Grass better for ruminants because... |
|
Definition
| that’s what they’re naturally designed for |
|
|
Term
| Grasses give you ______ and legumes give you ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth Habit of Orchardgrass |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production, folded leaves
-Matures 10-14 days earlier than tall fescue
-Leaf area higher in canopy than other cool season grasses (implications for grazing)
-Requires vernalization (cold, light requirements)
+Matures early – (spring implications)
-Better adapted as hay crop |
|
|
Term
| Growth Habit of Tall Fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High quality forage contains how much CP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher ADF means more ______, which means lower ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we know how much energy is in the forage that is being consumed, and how do we know we are meeting the needs of the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the nitrogen fixed by a legume transferred to a companion grass? |
|
Definition
-Nitrogen transfer is in the form of root exudates
-The sloughing off of root cells,
-Turnover (growth and death) of roots within the growing season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In vitro dry matter digestibility |
|
|
Term
| If you’re in a mild winter region, grow a [dormant or non dormant] variety of alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Georgia, pearl millet has been selected for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the South, you have more flexibility in planting date of annual ryegrass because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| management intensive grazing dairy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of forages into energy |
|
|
Term
| Microbes that pass from the rumen will be digested in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum annual rainfall for perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| 18-25 inches (450-630 mm) |
|
|
Term
| Minimum annual rainfall for tall fescue |
|
Definition
| 18-25 inches (450-630 mm) |
|
|
Term
| Most of the soil here in Georgia is ______ in terms of selenium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most warm season annual hybrids are vegetatively propagated due to... |
|
Definition
| lesser ability to use seeds. |
|
|
Term
| Mow bahiagrass to [this height] for weed control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NDF basically measures... |
|
Definition
| total cell wall content in the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
|
|
Term
| New improved varieties of bahiagrass are bred for... |
|
Definition
| more leaf, less stem/roots |
|
|
Term
| One of the problems we have with alfalfa in Ga |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimum germination temperature for cereal rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our expectation of a productive female |
|
Definition
-Maintain her body weight / condition
-Deliver a live offspring without difficulty
-Come into heat promptly
-Conceive early in the breeding season
-Nourish a developing fetus
-Adequately nurse the offspring through to weaning
-Milk production |
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic juice stimulated by... |
|
Definition
| presence of feed in stomach, secretion continuous but gets heavier with food |
|
|
Term
| Parietal cells produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the action of giving birth to young; childbirth |
|
|
Term
| Perenial ryegrass can stay there ______ years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prussic Acid present in this part of the sorghum plant |
|
Definition
| young tissues or stressed tissues |
|
|
Term
| Prussic acid in sorghums leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons for use of Energy Supplementation |
|
Definition
| Meet energy demands when pasture energy is insufficient |
|
|
Term
| Red clover will give you good production for about [this many years] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruminal Tissues are ______ epithelia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second application of N [this many days] after seeding bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sections of the horse small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Chicory
-Brassicas
-Plantain |
|
|
Term
| Sorghum is valuable because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Storage organ for alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of prussic acid poisoning |
|
Definition
*death 2-3 minutes after signs develop.
*act excited, apprehensive, generalized muscle tremors
*rapid breathing, dyspnea (open mouth), gasping
*increased salivation
*involuntary urination and defecation
*clonic convulsions (muscles contract, relax)
*dilated pupils
*mucous membranes bright pink, blood very bright red |
|
|
Term
| TDN (total dietary nutrients) |
|
Definition
| TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
|
Term
| TDN lower in hay because... |
|
Definition
| when you dry it, the cell contents kinda go away |
|
|
Term
| Tall Fescue Endophyte Transmitted through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tall fescue has no fixed genetic form. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| all plants in a cultivar are different |
|
|
Term
| The best way to asses the effectiveness and adequacy of a nutritional management program |
|
Definition
| to body condition score the cow herd |
|
|
Term
| The brown rib mutation changes... |
|
Definition
| the amount of lignin in the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| The cheapest way to harvest forages |
|
Definition
| The cheapest way to harvest forages is the animal to harvest it |
|
|
Term
| The composition of the cell wall is important for... |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| The first thing the energy from the forage is gonna be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The largest crop in Cal is ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The meaning of alfalfa is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The omasum is kinda like a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only nutrient you need to worry about for alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The problem with orchard grass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The seed head of pearl millet is vulnerable to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tifton 85 Hybrid Bermudagrass is a hybrid of... |
|
Definition
| common bermudagrass and stargrass |
|
|
Term
| Tifton 9 bahiagrass improved for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Varieties of sorghum used for forage are being selected for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Warm season grasses store their carbs as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We focus on the continental type of tall fescue because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We try to incorporate ______ into the non dormant types of alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overall objective of the feeding / supplementation program? |
|
Definition
-Extend the forage base
-Meet nutritional deficiencies
-Alter cow production
You have to know where you want to go before you can get there. |
|
|
Term
| When you put plants too close to each other,... |
|
Definition
| they compete with each other and not grow very tall. |
|
|
Term
| When you reduce the amount of lignin, the plants become more vulnerable to... |
|
Definition
| lodging, which is falling over. |
|
|
Term
| Where Did Alfalfa Come From? |
|
Definition
this is basically the center of origin
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maclure is known as the father of geology in the US; he founded the USGS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You need ______ to maintain apomictic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You wanna graze before this stage of the plant's growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ controls the depth of dormancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ stimulate stem elongation and flowering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a characteristic of the genetic diversity of Apomictic tetraploids |
|
Definition
| seed identical to parents |
|
|
Term
| a chemical horse saliva contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a difference between clover and alfalfa leaflets |
|
Definition
In clover, the leaflets are equidistant
In alfalfa, the middle leaflet has a longer pedicel |
|
|
Term
| a disease that annual ryegrass is susceptible to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a disease that can affect tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a disease that can be caused by Lolitrem alkaloids produced by endophyte in perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a food additive that can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a pest that harms alfalfa that happens to be toxic to horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a problem you could have if you graze after a plant's stem elongation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a variety of alfalfa known for cold tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activity level of pancreatic juices in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptation of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| More southern than Perennial ryegrass (less winter hardy) |
|
|
Term
| advantages of polyploid cultivars of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Polyploids always get more biomass and more vigor and such; more vigorous plants |
|
|
Term
| age of plant vs. % digestibility |
|
Definition
| % digestibility goes down as the plant ages |
|
|
Term
| age of plant vs. % protein |
|
Definition
| % protein goes down as the plant ages |
|
|
Term
| alfalfa when it comes to causing bloat |
|
Definition
| All varieties are capable of inducing bloat |
|
|
Term
| amount of K required by bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| Requires HIGH potassium (K 1/2 of N) |
|
|
Term
| amount of N to apply when seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Responds to N up to 200 lbs/A, but more than 100 lbs/A is considered wasteful |
|
|
Term
| amount of N with which to fertilize Soft Red Winter Wheat at jointing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of N with which to fertilize Soft Red Winter Wheat at planting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of P and K needed when seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Needs 30-60 lbs/A P and K, VERY EFFICIENT |
|
|
Term
| amount of annual maintenance cost taken up by feeding livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of energy in a forage vs. amount of fiber in a forage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of energy in a forage vs. amount of forage consumed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of fiber in a forage vs. amount of forage consumed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of grain a horse should consume |
|
Definition
| No more than 0.75% BW at one time |
|
|
Term
| amount of perennial ryegrass to plant per acre |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of production from dallisgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of saliva produced by horses per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of seed produced by pearl millet |
|
Definition
| The seed head produces lots of seed |
|
|
Term
| amount of seed produced by sterile hybrid offspring of bermudagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of seed to plant when seeding summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Plant 25 lbs seed on narrow rows |
|
|
Term
| amount of stubble to leave after grazing a summer annual |
|
Definition
| leave 9-12 inches stubble |
|
|
Term
| amount of time needed for a horse to adapt to dietary changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of yield from Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an advantage of Tifton 9 bahiagrass over Pensacola bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Tifton 9 bahiagrass produces 40% more forage than Pensacola |
|
|
Term
| an advantage of bahiagrass over other forages |
|
Definition
| it requires less N and tolerates abusive grazing practices. |
|
|
Term
| annual ryegrass tolerance to grazing |
|
Definition
| Tolerant of continuous grazing |
|
|
Term
| another fungal endophyte species is also present in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apply this in this amount to maximize growth of cereal rye |
|
Definition
| Apply 40-60 lbs/A of N at emergence to maximize fall growth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bahiagrass is not for you if you're trying to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bahiagrass prefers these soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benefits of orchardgrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
| A lot of genetic variability (plastic population) |
|
|
Term
| benefits of perennial ryegrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
| A lot of genetic variability (plastic population) |
|
|
Term
| best soils for sorghum and pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Sandy loam soils best – drainage important |
|
|
Term
| best way to manage seedling diseases of rye |
|
Definition
| making sure it don’t go to seed |
|
|
Term
| better use of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Better as a hay/haylage crop than as a grazing crop |
|
|
Term
| c'tration of sodium bicarbonate in horse saliva is directly proportional to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can annuals and perennials in the genus Medicago hybridize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can hay from infected fescue be toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can perennial ryegrass be used for turfgrass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| center of origin for orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| eastern Europe/temperate Asia (Persia) |
|
|
Term
| center of origin for pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Center of origin appears to be Ethiopia |
|
|
Term
| center of origin for sorghum |
|
Definition
| Center of origin in northwestern Africa |
|
|
Term
| climates in which tall fescue can contract brown patch disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| close ups of the lining of the parts of the ruminant stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| combine cereal rye with this to extend the grazing season |
|
Definition
| Combine with ryegrass which peaks high in spring ….extended grazing season. |
|
|
Term
| companion species that are grown with perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Prostrate legumes (white clover in most of the world) |
|
|
Term
| companion species that can be grown with orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| Upright legumes (red clover and alfalfa) |
|
|
Term
| competitiveness of bahiagrass with other species |
|
Definition
| competitive with other species |
|
|
Term
| conditions under which tall fescue endophyte is increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool season grasses better adapted to this part of USA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool season grasses store their carbs as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool-season grasses sensitive to this during stem elongation period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultivars of bahiagrass that are Apomictic tetraploids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cultivars of bahiagrass that are Sexual diploids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of different architectures of alfalfa depending on type of dormancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how legumes form root nodules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the alfalfa crown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the equine digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the pasture carbon cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the ruminant digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depictions of the chambered stomach of ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth at which to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Plant 0.25-0.5 inches deep |
|
|
Term
| description of the rhizomes of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of the Argentine cultivar of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| leafier than diploid, fewer panicles |
|
|
Term
| description of the bunchgrass habit of tall fescue |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production
-Weakly rhizomatous
-A lot of leaf area close to soil surface |
|
|
Term
| desired planting density for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desired planting depth for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detriment of orchardgrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
-Difficult to breed
-Difficult to fix a genetic form for future generations
-Seed production issues |
|
|
Term
| detriment of perennial ryegrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
-Difficult to breed
-Difficult to fix a genetic form for future generations
-Seed production issues |
|
|
Term
| disease that can be caused by selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that very easily infects alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disease that's the biggest problem for rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do you need coal for direct burning? |
|
Definition
| no; this can be used with coal |
|
|
Term
| does perennial ryegrass have the same resistance as tall fescue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does wheat require vernalization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drought tolerance of annual ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drought tolerance of orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| More drought tolerant than perennial ryegrass, less than tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| dry matter production of warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| high – 10,000 lbs DM/A (clipped plots) |
|
|
Term
| ease of dallisgrass seed production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ease of establishment of dallisgrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ease of managing elephantgrass (napiergrass) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effectiveness of elephantgrass (napiergrass) for silage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| empty pH in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| environmental causes of stress in sorghum plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzymatic activity of horse saliva |
|
Definition
| Little to no enzymatic activity |
|
|
Term
| factors in the growth distribution of cool season grasses |
|
Definition
-Reproductive vs. vegetative growth
-Higher temperatures in summer
-Drought |
|
|
Term
| festulolium is a hybrid between... |
|
Definition
| fescue and annual ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| flooding tolerance of annual ryegrass |
|
Definition
| tolerant of short duration flooding |
|
|
Term
| for horses, protein ______ is more important than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forages in which nitrate poisoning is a problem |
|
Definition
-sorghum/sudan
-millets
-wheat |
|
|
Term
| forages in which prussic acid can be a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically a fermentation vat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases pepsin & acids for typical protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| function of alkali and bicarbonates secreted by pancreas into small intestine |
|
Definition
| buffer the acid ingesta leaving the stomach |
|
|
Term
| function of horse esophagus |
|
Definition
| Transports food from mouth to stomach by muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| function of horse saliva in digestive system |
|
Definition
| Provides lubrication and buffers proximal stomach |
|
|
Term
| function of large intestine in horses |
|
Definition
| micorbial degradation and absorption of FA |
|
|
Term
| function of mouth in horses |
|
Definition
| reduction of particle size, no remastication |
|
|
Term
| function of mouth in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of mucousal tissue of abomasum |
|
Definition
| secretes enzymes to assist in lipid and protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| function of small intestine in horses |
|
Definition
| absorbtion of lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of small intestine in ruminants |
|
Definition
| absorbtion of lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of stomach in horses |
|
Definition
| protein and starch digestion, lip metabolism |
|
|
Term
| function of stomach in ruminants |
|
Definition
| lipid, sugar, protein + CHO, there are some energy losses, microbial FA and proteins are also produced. These are digested in lower GI |
|
|
Term
| function of the fundic region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
| controls how much is going into the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| function of the squamous region of horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the trypsin, lipases, and amylases secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine |
|
Definition
| digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| functions of the alfalfa crown |
|
Definition
-Site of regrowth
-storage compounds for stress survival (carbohydrates, proteins, fatty acids, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| functions of the cells in the ruminal tissues of ruminants |
|
Definition
| Cells perform several functions including nutrient exchange and protection |
|
|
Term
| genetic forms of orchardgrass that exist |
|
Definition
-diploid
-tetraploid
-hexaploid |
|
|
Term
| genetics of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Same as Perennial ryegrass
-Tetraploids have same characteristics as those in perennial ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| gotta balance energy with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grazing tolerance of creeping rooted alfalfa |
|
Definition
| May or may not be grazing tolerant! |
|
|
Term
| grazing tolerance of tall fescue |
|
Definition
| Very tolerant of grazing (until summer) |
|
|
Term
| growth habit of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Requires no cold treatment to flower
-More winter active than Perennial ryegrass
+Less tolerant of winters
-Flowers if day length exceeds 11 hours.
-Short lived |
|
|
Term
| growth habit of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| have research with beef cattle systems measured the same carbon accumulation as we have in the pasture-based dairies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| height at which to graze cereal rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horse esophagus located on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horses chew more for ______ than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Body condition score is ranked |
|
Definition
| Body condition score is ranked on a scale of 1 which is severely emaciated to 9 which is severely obese |
|
|
Term
| how Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) is propagated |
|
Definition
| Propagated by stem cuttings; this is actually a similarity to sugarcane |
|
|
Term
| how bahiagrass interacts with legumes |
|
Definition
Legumes limited by competitive ability of bahia
white, crimson, arrowleaf clovers OK, but need to bring pH up and fertilize |
|
|
Term
| how bahiagrass is propagated |
|
Definition
| seed propagated, but dormancy and slow germination problems |
|
|
Term
| how bermudagrass is propegated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how body condition scoring can be used |
|
Definition
-to make decisions for future feeding needs
-it can indicate either additional feed is required or a decrease in the energy supplied could be realized
-Gauge effectiveness of feeding program
-Decision tool to determine future feeding needs |
|
|
Term
| how energy is the Main driver for production |
|
Definition
| it's the main driver for Growth, Reproduction, and Lactation |
|
|
Term
| how far apart the rows should be when planting summer annuals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how geologic age of soil affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Inceptisols (juvenile) have higher CEC than Ultisols
Note: Primary soil types in GA are an Ultisols |
|
|
Term
| how germination works in alfalfa seed pods |
|
Definition
| In each pod, when one seed germinates, it prevents the others from germinating |
|
|
Term
| how grain should be used in terms of feeding horses |
|
Definition
| Use to supplement pasture/hay program; not a necessity |
|
|
Term
| how grazing tolerant alfalfa is selected |
|
Definition
| Selected under severe grazing for survival |
|
|
Term
| how hybrid bermudagrass must be propagated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long feed can stay in rumen |
|
Definition
| Feed can stay in rumen for couple days |
|
|
Term
| how long food can stay in the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long food remains in horse stomach |
|
Definition
| Digesta remains a short time, dependent on feedstuff |
|
|
Term
| how most warm season summer annuals are propagated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much tall fescue to establish at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much to fertilize tall fescue in spring (early-mid February) |
|
Definition
| fertilize with 60-80 lbs N (P, K if needed) |
|
|
Term
| how often a horse should consume grain |
|
Definition
| Evenly spaced, regular feedings |
|
|
Term
| how parent material affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Innate fertility of magma from which soils were derived |
|
|
Term
| how plant species affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
| Legumes (clover, alfalfa) tend to be higher in minerals than grasses (tall fescue, bermudagrass) |
|
|
Term
| how potato leafhoppers harm alfalfa |
|
Definition
| They pierce the leaf, inject saliva, and feed like mosquitoes; the saliva contains chemicals toxic to the plant; characteristic due to V shape on leaflets |
|
|
Term
| how reed canarygrass should be measured |
|
Definition
| manage to avoid low quality forage in spring |
|
|
Term
| how soil texture affects mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
|
Definition
Sandy soils have lower CEC than clay soils
Selenium not present in sandy soils |
|
|
Term
| how some new varieties of alfalfa are resistant to potato leafhoppers |
|
Definition
| Newest varieties have gladular hairs (these are repellent to the leaf hopper; prevents insect from coming into contact with the leaf) |
|
|
Term
| how sorghum and pearl millet respond to drought |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how sorghum and pearl millet were originally grown |
|
Definition
| Both originally grown as tall crops used for grain |
|
|
Term
| how summer annuals can be seeded |
|
Definition
| Summer annuals can be seeded into dead winter sod directly or seeded into clean-tilled fields |
|
|
Term
| how terrain can affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| because some terrain requires more energy than other terrain |
|
|
Term
| how the endophyte in tall fescue is transmitted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the feed or amount of feed given to a horse should be changed |
|
Definition
| Change type of feed or amount gradually over 1 week |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
Definition
| Animal Nutrient Requirements - Nutrients Supplied by Forage = Nutrients Needed in Supplement |
|
|
Term
| how to convert existing tall fescue to non-toxic endophyte infected varieties |
|
Definition
-Apply RoundUp, which will kill everything
-Split applications of Roundup 4-6 weeks apart (1 qt/A)
-Direct drill into existing stand |
|
|
Term
| how to graze bahiagrass in establishment year |
|
Definition
| No grazing in establishment year |
|
|
Term
| how to graze perennial ryegrass during the first year when trying to perenniate |
|
Definition
| When trying to perenniate - graze lightly first year (start when 10” tall, don’t defoliate below 1.5”) |
|
|
Term
| how to graze perennial ryegrass if using it as an annual |
|
Definition
| If using as an annual – graze lightly in early spring, more intensively as spring progresses (prevent seed head production) |
|
|
Term
| how to graze tall fescue during the first year |
|
Definition
| Graze lightly first year (start when 6” tall, don’t defoliate below 1.5”) |
|
|
Term
| how to manage Wild-type Infected Fescue |
|
Definition
-keep pasture vegetative
-minimize seedheads by grazing frequency or clipping
-add legumes to dilute toxic effect, since animal is likely to ingest legumes before ingesting tall fescue
-graze warm season grasses in summer to avoid temperature problems
-creep feed calves on non-fescue forage |
|
|
Term
| how to prepare the ground for growing bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Disk! and roll field to get firm contact |
|
|
Term
| how to use perennial ryegrass in Georgia |
|
Definition
| Use as an annual, or short-lived perennial |
|
|
Term
| how you can graze warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| Can rotationally graze for 90 days |
|
|
Term
| ideal seeding depth for cereal rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ideal seeding rate for cereal rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cows, complex carbohydrates are digested at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in horses, complex carbohydrates are digested at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in horses, the fermentation of digesta is beneficial for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the horse digestive system, the small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is defaunation of protozoa in the horse large intestine harmful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is vernalization required for cereal rye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is wheat used for forages? |
|
Definition
| it is not normally grown for forage |
|
|
Term
| keep tall fescue pasture in this state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| longer days in spring stimulate ______ in cool-season grasses |
|
Definition
| stem elongation and flowering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minimize tall fescue seedheads by... |
|
Definition
| grazing frequency or clipping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the gut structure, as can be caused by excess organic acid production in the hindgut, appears as mucin casts in the manure, indicating the gut lining is being stripped off. |
|
|
Term
| nutrient that's not present in sandy soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on winter annuals, we want to see ______, not ______ |
|
Definition
grazing
harvest and nutrient management |
|
|
Term
| one of the first people to experiment with alfalfa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the problems with growing alfalfa in the late 18th century |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way impactions in the horse large intestine can occur |
|
Definition
| Impactions can occur in horses normally fed grain, then hay |
|
|
Term
| one way to manage seedling diseases of rye |
|
Definition
| One way to manage is to graze heavily or mow to avoid seed heads; best way to manage it is to make sure it don’t go to seed. |
|
|
Term
| orchardgrass excellent for growing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orchardgrass is better adapted as this type of crop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| European/North African origin – main germplasm centers |
|
|
Term
| our common measure of feedstuff energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which growth of orchardgrass occurs best |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range for bermudagrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range for perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range tall fescue performs best in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range that cereal rye can tolerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range that cereal rye grows best in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pancreatic secretion gets heavier with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of Georgia where reed canarygrass may be useful |
|
Definition
| may be useful in N. Georgia mountains |
|
|
Term
| part of US tall fescue is adapted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pasture based dairies use small framed cattle because... |
|
Definition
| the large frame cattle can't do all that walking to harvest forages |
|
|
Term
| percent of forage and concentrate needed for weanling horses |
|
Definition
| 30% forage, 70% concentrate |
|
|
Term
| percent of forage and concentrate needed for yearling horses |
|
Definition
| 40% forage, 60% concentrate |
|
|
Term
| perennial ryegrass is excellent for growing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| perennial ryegrass requires this for survival in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant tall fescue at this depth |
|
Definition
| plant 0.25-0.5 inches deep |
|
|
Term
| plants go dormant because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary type of soil in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problems with propagating bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-dormancy
-slow germination |
|
|
Term
| propagation of bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Seeded – No sprigging required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pyloric region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach produces... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quality and hardiness of common bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-low quality
-winter hardy |
|
|
Term
| quality and hardiness of stargrass |
|
Definition
-high quality
-winter sensitive |
|
|
Term
| quality of feed vs. energy and intake |
|
Definition
| Low quality feed = low energy and low intake |
|
|
Term
| rate at which to fertilize perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate at which to fertilize perennial ryegrass during spring |
|
Definition
| fertilize with 60-80 lbs N (P,K if needed) |
|
|
Term
| rate of fertilization for tall fescue when establishing it |
|
Definition
| Fertilize with 20 lbs/A N, P, K |
|
|
Term
| rate of passage in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended planting depth for wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended planting rate for wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended row width for wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended time to plant wheat in Georgia's Lower Coastal Plain region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended time to plant wheat in Georgia's Mountain/Limestone Valley region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended time to plant wheat in Georgia's Piedmont region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended time to plant wheat in Georgia's Upper Coastal Plain region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended tool with which to plant wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between Content and intake |
|
Definition
| Content and intake go together |
|
|
Term
| relationship between TDN and quality of feedstuff |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between forage, BCS, and overall performance |
|
Definition
| the better the forage, the better the body condition score and the better the reproductive and overall performance |
|
|
Term
| response of bermudagrass to N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| root penetration of sorghum and pearl millet |
|
Definition
| Rapid and deep root penetration |
|
|
Term
| seasonal growth habit of dallisgrass |
|
Definition
| Early spring greenup; late fall die back |
|
|
Term
| seasons in which the amount of tall fescue endophyte is highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sections of the horse large intestine |
|
Definition
-cecum
-large colon
-small colon |
|
|
Term
| seedbed needed for bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| Fine firm seed bed necessary |
|
|
Term
| seedling blight is easily managed by... |
|
Definition
| treating seed with fungicide |
|
|
Term
| should you use Kentucky 31 tall fescue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of GI tract in neonatal foal |
|
Definition
| 3.5% BW is GI tract, 3.5% liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of large intestine compared to horse digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of small intestine in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Approximately 70 feet (30% tract) |
|
|
Term
| size of small intestine increases until... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| size of stomach in horse digestive tract |
|
Definition
| Small! – 8-10% of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| size of stomach in neonatal foal |
|
Definition
| Stomach greater than 10% of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| some bahiagrass varieties that are VERY TOLERANT of close grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH bahiagrass grows in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH range at which perennial ryegrass growth best occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH range for tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some (Sub)Tropical Perennial warm season grasses |
|
Definition
-Bermudagrass
-Bahiagrass
-Dallisgrass |
|
|
Term
| some Bioenergy Opportunities for switchgrass |
|
Definition
-fermentation
-gasification
-direct burning |
|
|
Term
| some Biotech traits in alfalfa |
|
Definition
-Roundup Ready
-Improved nutritional value
-Improved leaf retention
-Production of novel products |
|
|
Term
| some Energy Supplementation Considerations |
|
Definition
-Begin feeding before it is too late
-Response improves with long term low level supplementation
-Feeding low levels of energy (w/out adequate diet protein) decreases overall energy intake
-High starch supp. decreases fiber digestibility (Negative Effect)
-Usually contain < 20% CP (pasture usually adequate)
-Do not feed energy when high CP supplement will improve performance
-Grain is an energy supplement for forage
-High starch supp. work best with moderate to high quality forage |
|
|
Term
| some Enzymatic secretions that are secreted into the small intestine |
|
Definition
-Pancreatic juice
-bile
-Disaccharidases |
|
|
Term
| some Other Important Cool-Season Grasses (Northern US) |
|
Definition
-reed canarygrass
-smooth bromegrass
-Timothy
-Kentucky bluegrass |
|
|
Term
| some Results of fescue toxicosis |
|
Definition
-reduces calf weaning percentage
-reduces calf weaning weight
-depresses feed intake
-reduces live weight gain per acre
-reduces milk production
-increases body temperature in summer |
|
|
Term
| some Seedling Diseases of Rye |
|
Definition
-seedling blight
-leaf rust
-anthracnose |
|
|
Term
| some VFA (volatile fatty acids) |
|
Definition
-Acetate
-propionate
-butyrate
-lactate |
|
|
Term
| some annual Cool-Season Forage Grasses |
|
Definition
-Annual Ryegrass
-Wheat & Rye
-Oats & Triticale |
|
|
Term
| some annual warm season grasses |
|
Definition
-Sorghum
-Sudangrass
-Sorghum x Sudangrass
-Pearl Millet
-Browntop Millet
-Crabgrass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-Sod forming
-High nutritive value if closely grazed +N (+N means fertilized with N)
-Drought tolerance
-Water logging tolerance
-Few disease or insect problems (armyworms)
-Rapid curing for hay
-Rapid regrowth
-Tolerant of frequent harvest thanks to rhizomes and stolons
-N in split applications
-K is necessary for rhizome survival |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of cool-season grasses |
|
Definition
| -C3 photosynthesis
-Grow best in cool weather
-Geographically better adapted in northern USA
-Produce well during spring, autumn, and to lesser extent winter
-Require vernalization to flower (important in seed production)
-Stem elongation period—sensitive to grazing |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of endophyte-free fescue |
|
Definition
-lacks persistence in Georgia (in general)
-less disease/insect/nematode resistance
-better livestock performance |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of forage chickory |
|
Definition
-Drought tolerant
-High water content
-High in minerals
-NOT a legume (so no N fixation) |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of novel endophyte infected fescue (MaxQ) |
|
Definition
-endophyte doesn’t produce toxic alkaloids
-still has some anti-insecticidal alkaloids
-excellent animal performance plus survival |
|
|
Term
| some conditions that can happen in the large intestine in horses that are fed hay then grain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some crops that are subsidized in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about Dallisgrass |
|
Definition
-Permanent pasture
-Clay/loam soils with moisture
-Best in 35” rainfall or higher
-Early spring greenup; late fall die back
-High basal leaf area, which leads to higher tolerance to grazing
-Low production
-Establishment difficult
-Seed production difficult; ergot production by fungus in seedhead |
|
|
Term
| some details about Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) |
|
Definition
-Tropical grass
-High yielding
-Very frost intolerant; this is why it couldn’t last more than 2 seasons
-Needs well-drained soils, pH>5.5
-Propagated by stem cuttings; this is actually a similarity to sugarcane
-Difficult to manage (grows too fast)
-OK for silage
-‘Mott’ dwarf elephantgrass-higher quality |
|
|
Term
| some details about Festulolium |
|
Definition
-Ryegrass/fescue hybrids
-hybrids between ryegrass and fescue
-typically meadow fescue x Italian ryegrass
-goal = quality of ryegrass with persistence and disease tolerance of fescue….doesn’t always work
-may be more persistent than perennial ryegrass in GA but limited evaluation
-Not very common in SE because there hasn’t been much work on it |
|
|
Term
| some details about Reed Canarygrass |
|
Definition
-very hardy—can be invasive
-flooding and drought tolerant
-use low alkaloid cultivars; the alkaloids come from the plant itself
-manage to avoid low quality forage in spring
-may be useful in N. Georgia mountains |
|
|
Term
| some details about bermudagrass |
|
Definition
-South African through southeast Asian origin
-Highly variable morphologically
-May have vigorous rhizomes up to 1 m deep
-Also has vigorous stolons
-“Common” bermudagrass – naturalized, very invasive, winter hardy, low quality, low yield
-Introduced to US in 1807 |
|
|
Term
| some details about endophyte infection in perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| -Neotyphodium lolii
-“Ryegrass staggers” in sheep due to toxin lolitrem B
-Similar situation as tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| some details about growing cool season grasses |
|
Definition
-Sow in autumn (late September to early November in GA)
-Plant into well prepared seedbed, or no-till into killed sod
-Plant shallow!
-May mix with legumes, or seed legumes later
-Manage for quality
-Will need N fertilizer if grown alone |
|
|
Term
| some details about nitrate poisoning |
|
Definition
-nitrates build up after drought, esp. on heavily fertilized pastures
-problem in sorghum/sudan, millets, wheat
-remains in hay |
|
|
Term
| some details about pearl millet and sorghum |
|
Definition
-Some of world’s oldest cultivated plants
-Millet - Center of origin appears to be Ethiopia
-Sorghum – Center of origin in northwestern Africa
+Sorghum is valuable because of its tolerance to drought
-Both originally grown as tall crops used for grain
-Adapted to dry regions of the world
-Sandy loam soils best – drainage important
-Water use efficiency – Millet > Sorghum > Corn
-Respond to drought by increasing tillering
-Rapid and deep root penetration |
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|
Term
| some details about perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Primary grass in UK, NZ, Europe, Aust.
-Pasture or silage; often monocultures + N
-High quality, persistent under close grazing, rapid establishment, palatable, compatible with white clover
-Likes N
-High carbohydrate levels in leaves (fructans) = energy (20-50% more than other temperate grasses) |
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|
Term
| some details about prussic acid |
|
Definition
-builds up after frost esp. in young tissue
+Sorghum/sudangrasses; Not in pearl millet
-causes suffocation
-hay and silage OK after short period |
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|
Term
| some details about stargrass |
|
Definition
-Tropical African origin
-Aggressive stolons; NO rhizomes
-No cold tolerance; little drought tolerance
-Can be crossed with bermudagrass, sterile seed |
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Term
| some details about tetraploid perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-fewer tillers, longer and broader leaves
-Better suited for companion species than diploids in temperate regions
-Shorter lived, but higher quality (soluble sugars) and more vigorous |
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Term
| some details about the Adaptation of Annual Ryegrass |
|
Definition
-pH range 5.0 - 7.8
-Responds well to N fertilizer
-Produces forage in late winter/spring |
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|
Term
| some details about the Bunchgrass growing habit of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production
-Adventitious roots at stem bases (nodes) – leaf only from new tillers
-A lot of leaf area close to soil surface (implications for grazing) |
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|
Term
| some diseases that perennial ryegrass can contract |
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Definition
| numerous fungal diseases (leaf spots, fusarium, brown patch, rust) in hot, humid climates |
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|
Term
| some environmental factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that can limit plant growth |
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Definition
-Nutrients
-Water
-Light
-Heat |
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Term
| some factors that control mineral nutrient concentration in forages |
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Definition
-plant species
-soil texture
-parent material
-geological age of soil |
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Term
| some factors that may alter the nutrient requirements of cattle |
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Definition
-age
-level of production
-breed
-stage of physiology |
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Term
| some fermentation products |
|
Definition
-VFA (volatile fatty acids)
-Electrolytes
-Water |
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|
Term
| some forages that aren’t common in Georgia |
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Definition
-Aeschynomene
-Stylo
-Carpon Desmodium |
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|
Term
| some fungal diseases orchardgrass is susceptible to |
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Definition
| Susceptible to various fungal diseases (rust)– reduces quality |
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|
Term
| some genetic forms of perennial ryegrass that exist |
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Definition
| Both diploid and tetraploid forms exist |
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|
Term
| some insect pests of alfalfa |
|
Definition
-Potato Leafhoppers
-Alfalfa Weevil
-Several Aphids
-Plant Bug
-Lygus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some mixtures of cool season plants you can sometimes find |
|
Definition
-Alfalfa—orchardgrass
-White clover—tall fescue |
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Term
| some novel products produced by alfalfa |
|
Definition
-Industrial enzymes
-Plastics |
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|
Term
| some other insects in Ga that can harm alfalfa |
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Definition
-Three cornered alfalfa hopper
-Blister beetle |
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Term
| some pancreatic juices secreted into the small intestine |
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Definition
-trypsin
-lipases
-amylases
-alkali
-bicarbonates |
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Term
| some perennial Cool-Season Forage Grasses |
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Definition
-Tall Fescue
-Perennial Ryegrass
-Festulolium (hybrid between fescue and annual ryegrass)
-Orchardgrass |
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|
Term
| some pest problems with perennial ryegrass |
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Definition
-crown rust; stem rust—decreased palatability and nutritive value
-Argentine stem weevil |
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|
Term
| some physiological factors that can affect nutrient requirements |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some primary cool season grasses for Georgia |
|
Definition
-orchardgrass
-tall fescue
-annual ryegrass
-perennial ryegrass |
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|
Term
| some sicknesses that can be caused by the alkaloid toxins produced by the tall fescue endophyte |
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Definition
-fescue foot
-fescue toxicosis |
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Term
| some soil conditions that tall fescue can tolerate |
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Definition
| Tolerates acid, infertile, poorly drained and drought-prone soils |
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Term
|
Definition
-Fiber
-Protein
-Starch
-Fat |
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Term
| some storage compounds stored in the alfalfa crown for survival |
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Definition
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-fatty acids
-etc. |
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|
Term
| some summary details about bahiagrass |
|
Definition
-tolerates broad pH range (5.5-6.5 best)
-tolerates low fertility
-tolerates close grazing
-resistant to most diseases
-prefers sandy soils
-thick vigorous rhizomes
-competitive with other species
-seed propagated, but dormancy and slow germination problems |
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|
Term
| some summary details about orchardgrass |
|
Definition
-very desirable, but lacks heat tolerance
-more persistent in GA than ryegrass
-high quality
-leaf diseases—esp. rust—can affect quality |
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|
Term
| some summary details about tall fescue |
|
Definition
-Endophyte helps survival esp. in south
-Novel endophytes have no animal problems
-High quality if grazed appropriately
-Good “stockpile” ability—maintains quality into winter (issue in north)
-Most of the seed for this is produced in Oregon
-Best choice for GA of cool-season grasses |
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|
Term
| some summary details of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Very high quality
-Regrowth needs N and water (cool helps)
-Poor drought and cold tolerance
-Grazing tolerant |
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|
Term
| some things tall fescue endophyte can cause in horses |
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Definition
-Distocia
-retained placenta
-“red bag” |
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Term
| some things that affect nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
-Age
-Level of production
-Current and/or desired body condition
-Breed
-Physiology
-Pasture activity
-Terrain
-Pest load
-Feed Additives
-Environment |
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|
Term
| some things that can cause Esophageal Impaction (Choke) in horses |
|
Definition
-rapid eating
-poor dentition
-inadequate water
-consumption of bedding |
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|
Term
| some things to do when growing alfalfa |
|
Definition
-Well tilled, weed free seedbed
-Lime and fertilize as needed
-Plant after danger of frost
-Don’t grow in wet areas
-Harvest at early flower
-Control weeds
-Plow up when stands thin
not much has changed in ~ 2000 years |
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Term
| some types of microbes that live in the horse large intestine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways that the nutritive value of alfalfa has been improved |
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Definition
-Low lignin, improved digestibility
-Tannin containing (no bloat) |
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|
Term
| some ways to improve Bermudagrass Pasture by overseeding |
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Definition
-Overseeding with annual ryegrass
-Overseeding with annual clovers or red clover |
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Term
| something BCS is used for |
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Definition
| the maintenance part; the animal itself |
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Term
| something about the genetics of alfalfa in the center of origin |
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Definition
| Lots of genetic diversity in center of origin |
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|
Term
| something bad that happens to dallisgrass seedhead |
|
Definition
| ergot production by fungus in seedhead |
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|
Term
| something bahia grass can tolerate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something hard to maintain in old types of bahiagrass, but could be easier to maintain in new types |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something present in the digesta taken from sheep |
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Definition
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|
Term
| something prussic acid causes in animals that consume it |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something required for cool-season grasses to flower |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something that may affect nutrient content more than soil fertility does |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something that may cause mucin casts and diarrhea and bubbling |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something that will seriously hamper the establishment of annual ryegrass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something toxic that is widespread in sorghums |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| something you need for fermentation of switchgrass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sorghum and pearl millet are adapted to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sorghum plant diverts ______ to utilize Dhurrin (prussic acid) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sorghum, pearl millet, and corn in order of water use efficiency |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tall fescue endophytes are closely related to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tall fescue is excellent for growing... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 common probems with horse feeding |
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Definition
Impactions can occur in horses normally fed grain, then hay
Laminitis and colic in hay to grain fed horses |
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Term
|
Definition
Most cows fall in the range of 3 to 7.
Most cows score from 2 to 4 |
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|
Term
| the Grimm variety of alfalfa known for... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the Growth Habit of Perennial Ryegrass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the Major “nutrient” required by livestock |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the absorption that happens at the microvilli in the abomasum |
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Definition
| Microvilli in intestine are sites for passive (lipid) or active (peptide) absorption of nutrients. |
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|
Term
| the activity of disaccharidases secreted into the horse small intestine changes with... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of Loss due to tall fescue endophyte |
|
Definition
| $700 Million to $1 Billion/yr |
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Term
| the amount of bacteria in the large intestine of a horse is influenced by... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the amount of food a horse should consume |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the amount of rainfall best for dallisgrass |
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Definition
| Best in 35” rainfall or higher |
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Term
| the amount of tall fescue that contains endophyte |
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Definition
| 95% of all “naturalized” populations |
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Term
| the annual forage species that has the most aggressive growth |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the best way to graze annual ryegrass |
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Definition
| short duration rotational grazing |
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Term
| the climate tall fescue is adapted to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the climates orchardgrass is best adapted to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the climates perennial ryegrass is adapted to |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the cultivars of Reed Canarygrass to use |
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Definition
| use low alkaloid cultivars |
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Term
| the difference between TDN and energy |
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Definition
-TDN is our common measure of feedstuff energy
-Net energy assigns the proportion of that feedstuff which meets Maintenance, growth, lactation, gestation |
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Term
| the digestion that occurs in the horse large intestine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the enterprise you have impacts... |
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Definition
| the soil and the environment |
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Term
| the feeds that constitute the largest, most variable portion of supplementation |
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Definition
| Stored or supplemental feeds |
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Term
| the first limiting amino acid for horses |
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Definition
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Term
| the first part of the ruminant stomach forage goes to after consumption |
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Definition
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Term
| the first place in the U.S. where alfalfa arrived |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the function of papillae in the stomach |
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Definition
| Papillae in the rumen increase the surface area of the stomach to absorb products of fermentation |
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Term
| the genetic characteristics of most bahiagrasses |
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Definition
| Most bahiagrasses are apomictic tetraploids |
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Term
| the genetics of Pensacola bahiagrass |
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Definition
| ‘Pensacola’ is a cross-pollinated diploid |
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|
Term
| the genetics of Tifton 9 bahiagrass |
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Definition
| ‘Tifton 9’ newer variety selected for higher yield (out of Pensacola) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the goal of producing Festulolium |
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Definition
| quality of ryegrass with persistence and disease tolerance of fescue….doesn’t always work |
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Term
| the grass preferred by livestock producers in N. Georgia |
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Definition
| tall fescue; it is very durable |
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|
Term
| the kind of pasture dallisgrass is found in |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the land to use bahiagrass on |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest cost area in animal enterprises |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the layers of kaolinite are held together by... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the main tool for a cow to accomplish her assignment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the most important contributor of minerals to livestock |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of annuals in the genus Medicago |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of perennials in the genus Medicago |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of pounds of forage eaten is basically a correlation with... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the old standard cultivar of tall fescue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the only program left in the SE region for cool season forages |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerates broad pH range (5.5-6.5 best) |
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Term
| the parts of tall fescue that contain endophyte toxin, from most to least |
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Definition
| seedheads > stem+sheath > blade |
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Term
| the primary grass in UK, NZ, Europe, Aust. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the rate of rotation between paddocks depends on... |
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Definition
| the rate of regrowth of forage, often ½ day to 2 days |
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Term
| the regions on the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the relationship between tall fescue and the endophyte |
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Definition
| Live in mutualistic relationship: Endophytes give plant cold and drought tolerance, insect resistance (greater growth and reproduction), MAMMALIAN RESISTANCE!!! |
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Term
| the rotation that occurs in pastured dairy |
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Definition
| they rotate between paddocks |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the secret to using wheat as a forage |
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Definition
| Don’t let plant develop past the joint stage while being grazed. |
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|
Term
| the seed of pearl millet has lots of... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the soil tall fescue is adapted to |
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Definition
| fertile well-drained soils |
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Term
| the soil temperature needed to seed summer annuals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the soils best for dallisgrass |
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Definition
| Clay/loam soils with moisture |
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Term
| the soils needed by bermudagrass |
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Definition
| Sandy-loam soils (drainage essential) |
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Term
| the soils orchardgrass is intolerant of |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the soils orchardgrass prefers |
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Definition
| Fertile well-drained soils |
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Term
| the soils perennial ryegrass is adapted to |
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Definition
| fertile well-drained soils |
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|
Term
| the spring diseases of rye |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the systems bahiagrass is best suited for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the things involved in a forage system |
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Definition
| soil, plants, and animals |
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|
Term
| the tolerance that's a bigger concern than drought tolerance for perennial ryegrass |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the type of grass Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of p'synth in cool-season grasses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of p'synth used by warm season grasses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of pollinator tall fescue is |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the type of seeding bahiagrass is not good for |
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Definition
| Not good for overseeding in winter. |
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Term
| the types of fescue that are mainly used in Georgia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the weather cool-season grasses grow best in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the year of establishment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this happens when you grow 2 different species together |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this is generally considered to be the main toxin in tall fescue |
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Definition
| Ergovaline (an ergopeptine alkaloid) |
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|
Term
| this is important for the breakdown of the cell wall |
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Definition
| the composition of the cell wall |
|
|
Term
| this limits use of perennial ryegrass in Georgia |
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Definition
| Georgia's hot, humid climate |
|
|
Term
| this person is known as the father of geology in the US; he founded the USGS |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this practice yields the greatest success with propagating hybrid bermudagrass |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this stimulates saliva in horses |
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Definition
| Physical presence of feed |
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|
Term
| to meet nutrient needs, you have to extend... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) to frost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of dallisgrass to grazing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of orchardgrass to shading |
|
Definition
| Tolerates shading better than other cool season perennial grasses |
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|
Term
| tolerance of perennial ryegrass to flooding |
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Definition
| Tolerant of long periods of flooding (15 to 25 days) if <80°F (27°C) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A concentration greater than 0.1 percent of dry tissue is considered highly dangerous. |
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|
Term
| two chemicals that are higher on forage based diet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| two things bahiagrass can tolerate |
|
Definition
-tolerates low fertility
-tolerates close grazing |
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|
Term
| type of elephantgrass (napiergrass) that's higher quality |
|
Definition
| ‘Mott’ dwarf elephantgrass-higher quality |
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|
Term
| type of soil bahiagrass grows on |
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Definition
| low fertility and sandy soils |
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|
Term
| types of cells in fundic region of the glandular surface of the horse stomach |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| types of fescue that can be used to replace infected fescue |
|
Definition
-Endophyte free fescue
-Novel endophyte infected fescue (MaxQ) |
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|
Term
| types of mucousal surfaces in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of sphincters in horse stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uses of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Pasture or silage; often monocultures + N |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| transmitted from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
| weight of forages that horses should consume |
|
Definition
| Minimum 1% of body weight |
|
|
Term
| what Esophageal Impaction (Choke) may do to horses |
|
Definition
-May damage esophagus
-regurgitation of food from mouth and nostrils |
|
|
Term
| what affects the concentration of nutrients in the soil solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bile is designed to do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what color are root nodules if they are actively fixing nitrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cyanide does that makes it deadly |
|
Definition
| Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and hence blocks electron transport. No aerobic respiration occurs. |
|
|
Term
| what decreased prolactin can cause in cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what endophyte in tall fescue produces that makes animals sick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fat requires before it is deposited |
|
Definition
| Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| what forages containing prussic acid are good for and when |
|
Definition
| hay and silage OK after short period |
|
|
Term
| what grazing animals are designed to digest instead of corn |
|
Definition
-fiber
-cellulose
-hemicellulose
not corn and such |
|
|
Term
| what gypsum does to the pH |
|
Definition
| it doesn’t change pH, but ties up Al |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the omasum? |
|
Definition
| water is reabsorbed from the digested fluid that passes through the reticulum |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the rumen? |
|
Definition
| Microbial fermentation of cellulose |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Excess Minerals in Diet? |
|
Definition
| Excess Minerals in Diet are Excreted Back Onto Pasture |
|
|
Term
| what happens to size of GI tract and liver as foal matures to mature horse? |
|
Definition
| Tract increases in size while liver remains the same |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the forage that goes to the reticulum? |
|
Definition
| undigested plant matter is compressed & then regurgitated |
|
|
Term
| what is between the abomasum and the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what large liver does for neonatal foal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes bermudagrass ideal for hay? |
|
Definition
| Hollow stems and finer leaves make it ideal for hay |
|
|
Term
| what pearl millet looks like in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pearl millet looks like in most of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ruminal bacteria do to plant material in ruminant stomachs |
|
Definition
| they associate with cell walls of the plant tissues, attach via mucilagenous excretions, and excrete digestive enzymes that degrade the fiberous fractions of the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| what selenium deficiency causes in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Selenium Deficiency Results in Necrosis of Muscle which Appears White |
|
|
Term
| what tends to be better for ensilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what they breed alfalfa for in Australia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what they call alfalfa in Australia and NZ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what they do where wheat is used as a forage |
|
Definition
| Where they do use this as a forage, they graze it, take the animals off of it, and let it go to seed. |
|
|
Term
| what to do if using conventional till to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| till soil, use cultipacker prior to seeding |
|
|
Term
| what to do if using no till to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| spray with herbicide prior to planting |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you plant tall fescue using conventional till |
|
Definition
| till soil, use cultipacker prior to seeding |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you plant tall fescue using no till |
|
Definition
| spray with herbicide prior to planting |
|
|
Term
| what to do with grazing of tall fescue late in summer |
|
Definition
| give it a rest, especially if it's endophyte free |
|
|
Term
| what vasoconstriction can cause in cattle |
|
Definition
| increased body temperature |
|
|
Term
| what vegetative propagules are genetically |
|
Definition
| vegetative propagules are true-to-type (clones) |
|
|
Term
| what winter growth may mean for Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| winter growth may mean better suited for late fall and winter use |
|
|
Term
| what you gotta factor in when trying to decide what species of alfalfa to grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what you should do to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
Definition
| Provide mineral supplements (salt blocks, mineral mixes) to overcome mineral deficiencies in livestock |
|
|
Term
| what you should fertilize pastures for |
|
Definition
| FERTILIZE pastures to promote forage growth |
|
|
Term
| what you should not fertilize pasture for |
|
Definition
| DON’T fertilize pasture to increase plant nutrients for livestock nutrition |
|
|
Term
| what you want the metabolizable energy (ME) of forages to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what you want to add to dilute the toxic effect of tall fescue endophyte and why this might work |
|
Definition
| add legumes to dilute toxic effect, since animal is likely to ingest legumes before ingesting tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| whatb ADF means for digestibility |
|
Definition
| The lower the ADF, the more digestible |
|
|
Term
| when Italian ryegrass tends to flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when annual ryegrass will show symptoms of gray leafspot |
|
Definition
| within 72 hours after inoculation |
|
|
Term
| when bahiagrass is usually established |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when bermudagrass goes dormant |
|
Definition
| Kinda goes dormant in September |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peak in fall and peak in spring |
|
|
Term
| when cool-season grasses produce well |
|
Definition
| spring, autumn, and to lesser extent winter |
|
|
Term
| when ergot in grain causes toxicity |
|
Definition
| only if wet conditions prevail and plants mature |
|
|
Term
| when fall establishment of annual ryegrass occurs |
|
Definition
| Fall establishment in early October (North) late October to mid-November (South) |
|
|
Term
| when gray leafspot grows best |
|
Definition
| at temperatures 21-25°C (70-77°F) |
|
|
Term
| when maximal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| maximal energy/protein requirements occur the 2nd month after calving when cows reach peak lactation |
|
|
Term
| when minimal energy/protein requirements occur |
|
Definition
| Minimal energy and protein requirements occur at weaning when the need for nutrients dedicated to lactation ceases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrates build up after drought, esp. on heavily fertilized pastures |
|
|
Term
| when orchardgrass matures |
|
Definition
| 10-14 days earlier than tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| when prussic acid builds up |
|
Definition
| builds up after frost esp. in young tissue |
|
|
Term
| when secretion of bile ceases |
|
Definition
| secretion ceases after 48 hr fast |
|
|
Term
| when the quality of cereal rye starts to go down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the spring diseases (leaf rust, anthracnose) are not an issue for rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to apply N when growing summer annuals |
|
Definition
| Use split applications, at planting and again after grazed |
|
|
Term
| when to establish perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Establish in fall (mid-September to mid-October) |
|
|
Term
| when to establish tall fescue |
|
Definition
| Fall (mid-September to mid-October) |
|
|
Term
| when to fertilize perennial fescue in spring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to fertilize tall fescue in spring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to give tall fescue a rest |
|
Definition
| late summer, especially if it's endophyte free |
|
|
Term
| when to graze a summer annual |
|
Definition
| Graze when plant reaches 15-18 inches in height |
|
|
Term
| when to graze cows on wheat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to graze warm season grasses and why |
|
Definition
| graze warm season grasses in summer to avoid temperature problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when high CP supplement will improve performance |
|
|
Term
| when to plant annual ryegrass |
|
Definition
| when average temperatures fall below 21-25°C (70-77°F) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to seed cereal rye in Georgia depending on where in the state you are |
|
Definition
Sept 1 – Mountains
Sept. 15 - Middle GA
Oct 15-Nov. 1 in S. Georgia |
|
|
Term
| when warm season annual grasses go dormant |
|
Definition
| virtually shuts down in September and October |
|
|
Term
| when you can start grazing warm season annual grasses |
|
Definition
| Generally, grazing can begin 40-60 days after planting |
|
|
Term
| when you have more flexibility with cereal rye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you manage for quality, you think about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the state of Georgia orchardgrass grows best |
|
Definition
| Grows better in Mountains of N. Georgia than elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| where most of the digestion occurs in horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where most of the seed for tall fescue is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where perennial ryegrass is best |
|
Definition
-coastal areas
-irrigated valleys |
|
|
Term
| where ryegrass originated |
|
Definition
-Ryegrass originated in eastern Turkey, Middle East, Persia
-Migrated with human settlement throughout Europe |
|
|
Term
| where tall fescue is best |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the alkaloids in reed canarygrass come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the non toxic endophytes come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the plant's energy goes when it goes to flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
4
frame not as visible as covering |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
5
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
1
severe underconditioning |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
3
frame and covering well balanced |
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which body condition is this?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which forage is more efficient at supplying nutrients? pasture or hay? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grass has a higher nutritive value? bahia or bermuda? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grass has a higher yield? bahia or bermuda/stargrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grass is more cold tolerant? bermuda or bahia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which grasses have a higher energy density (Mcal/lb DM)? cool season or warm season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has more epithelia? omasum or rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more potoperiod sensitive? cereal rye or annual ryegrass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is more winter active? tall fescue or perennial ryegrass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
| cecum (on right side of body cavity) |
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the horse digestive system is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the ruminant digestive system is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better grazing tolerance? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better palatability? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better yield? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have greater dry matter intake? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why California turned out to be a good place to grow alfalfa |
|
Definition
| because of its dry, not cold, mediterranean type climate, which is the type of climate it evolved in |
|
|
Term
| why Elephantgrass (Napiergrass) couldn't last more than 2 seasons |
|
Definition
| because it's very frost intolerant |
|
|
Term
why Tifton 85 Hybrid Bermudagrass
is sterile |
|
Definition
| because it's a hybrid in which one species is tetraploid and the other’s hexaploid, leading to a pentaploid hybrid, which is sterile |
|
|
Term
| why bahiagrass is usually established in early spring |
|
Definition
| to decrease weed competition |
|
|
Term
| why bahiagrass tolerates heavy grazing and clipping better than bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| because bahiagrass has higher rhizome density |
|
|
Term
| why be mindful of temp when planting warm season grasses? |
|
Definition
| Be mindful of temperature because high temp is suitable for warm season grasses. |
|
|
Term
| why consumed forages first go to the reticulum after consumption |
|
Definition
| because the animal doesn’t have time to chew it |
|
|
Term
| why dallisgrass has a high grazing tolerance |
|
Definition
| because it has a high basal leaf area |
|
|
Term
| why elephantgrass (napiergrass) is hard to manage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why forage that goes to the stomach needs to be rechewed |
|
Definition
| so that fermentation can be more efficient |
|
|
Term
| why forages are necessary for feeding horses |
|
Definition
-Maintain gut health
-Decreases vices |
|
|
Term
| why forages with less energy and more fiber get eaten less |
|
Definition
| because the less energy, the more fiber, which means more filling |
|
|
Term
| why grazing management is very important for alfalfa |
|
Definition
| because it is very important for alfalfa if you want to maintain the stand |
|
|
Term
| why have baby during down period |
|
Definition
| because it relies on its mom for about 90 days |
|
|
Term
| why horses pursue more roughage as they get older |
|
Definition
| because as the animal grows, the hindgut increases in size |
|
|
Term
| why infected tall fescue plants yield infected seed |
|
Definition
| because tall fescue endophyte is transmitted thru seed |
|
|
Term
| why is orchardgrass a good companion with aggressive legumes? |
|
Definition
| Rapid re-growth makes it good companion with aggressive legumes |
|
|
Term
| why it can be hard to maintain companion legumes with bahiagrass |
|
Definition
| I think because of such dense stolons and rhizomes and such |
|
|
Term
| why it is better to wait to establish annual ryegrass rather than try and get an early start with seeding |
|
Definition
| because gray leafspot will seriously hamper the establishment of annual ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| why minerals are important for livestock |
|
Definition
| Essential for basic physiological processes |
|
|
Term
| why old types of bahiagrass are very unpalatable |
|
Definition
| because they got lots of silica |
|
|
Term
| why pH is important to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why parturition is fixed by humans |
|
Definition
| so that the animals can have the most amount of forage at the right time |
|
|
Term
| why pearl millet is short in Georgia |
|
Definition
| because of dwarf gene, which diverts energy from vegetative parts to grain production |
|
|
Term
| why people like to grow wheat as a double crop |
|
Definition
| because wheat is very high in protein |
|
|
Term
| why protein is important for growth and cell division |
|
Definition
| because during cell division, additional amino acids are needed |
|
|
Term
| why size of small intestine increases with age |
|
Definition
| because of the horse eating more |
|
|
Term
| why sorghum has Dhurrin (prussic acid) |
|
Definition
| uses it to protect itself |
|
|
Term
| why tall fescue is grazing tolerant |
|
Definition
| because it has lots of leaf area close to soil surface |
|
|
Term
| why the amount of fat cover on cows is a good indicator of their energy status |
|
Definition
| because Fat requires there to be a surplus of energy before it is deposited |
|
|
Term
| why the feed or amount of feed given to a horse should be changed gradually over 1 week |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the forage quality of bahiagrass is usually lower than other warm season grasses |
|
Definition
| because it produces a lot of seed heads |
|
|
Term
| why the liquid and gas are split in the ruminant stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why there's a lot of wheat out there |
|
Definition
-Current price > $10.00/bu
-Excellent rotation for row crops
-Plant in fall, harvest in spring |
|
|
Term
| why there's more tall fescue endophyte when you apply more N |
|
Definition
| because of more intercellular space, which means more room for the endophyte |
|
|
Term
| why use wheat as a forage? |
|
Definition
-Can predict stage of development easily
-Very high quality as long as in vegetative stage of development.
-Can graze plants with little or no effect on grain yield
-Cheap gain on animals even though it is short duration grazing |
|
|
Term
| why you don't graze bahiagrass in establishment year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you don't want tall fescue to go to seed |
|
Definition
| because the seed heads contain the most tall fescue endophyte toxin |
|
|
Term
| why you don't want wheat to go past the joint stage when using it as a forage |
|
Definition
| because the joint stage is when it starts to go to seed |
|
|
Term
| why you gotta leave some green material when you clip annuals |
|
Definition
| so they can photosynthesize and grow back |
|
|
Term
| why you gotta rotate the grazing with alfalfa |
|
Definition
| because alfalfa is sensitive to grazing |
|
|
Term
| will low energy forage meet the needs of a lactating cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aerial photograph showing landuse conversion from row crop to MiGD farms. |
|
|
Term
| “Tifton 9” bahiagrass was selected to... |
|
Definition
| increase above-ground growth. |
|
|
Term
| This may play a role in diarrhea often seen with ruminal acidosis. |
|
Definition
| Large-intestine damage and increased organic acids in the gut lumen |
|
|
Term
| Bubbling is a result of... |
|
Definition
| post-defication fermentation. |
|
|
