Term
| What is another name for adrenergic agonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are adrenergic agonist also known as sympathomimetics? |
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Definition
| bc their effects mimics those cause by the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| How do most adrenergic agonist act? |
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Definition
| by direct activation of arenergic receptors |
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Term
| Pormotion of norepi release, blockade of norepi reuptake, and inhibition or norepi breakdown are all |
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Definition
| indirect mechanisms of activity by adrenergic agonist |
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Term
| Activation of alpha1 receptors causes___________ and _________. |
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Definition
| vasocontriction and mydriasis |
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Term
| What are used for hemostasis, mmasal decongestion,elevation of blood pressure, and adjuncts to local anesthetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two adverse events that may occur from alpha1 activation? |
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Definition
| hypertension and local necrosis |
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Term
| Activation of alpha2 receptors in the periphery is of |
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Definition
| little clinical significance |
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Term
| Drugs that activate alpha2 in the CNS produce |
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Definition
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Term
| clinically relevant responses of beta1 receptors result from activating beta1 receptors in the |
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Definition
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Term
| activation of cardiac beta1 receptors results increased______,_________, and conduction through the _________. |
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Definition
| heart rate, force of contraction, and AV node |
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Term
| Drugs that activate beta1 receptors treat_________,__________, and _______ |
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Definition
| heart failure, AV block, and cardiac arrest |
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Term
| Advers effects of beta1 activation include |
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Definition
| tachycardia, dyshythmias, and angina |
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Term
| Drugs that activate beta2 receptors are used to tx |
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Definition
| asthma and delay preterm labor |
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Term
| Adverse effects of beta2 activation are |
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Definition
| hypergylcemia (esp in diabetics) and tremor |
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Term
| ________ block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the __________ |
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Definition
| Loop diuretics (high ceiling) and loop of henle |
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Term
| __________ produce the greastest diuresis. |
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Definition
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Term
| High-ceiling diuretics are effective even when |
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Definition
| glomerular filtration rate is low |
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Term
| Thiazide diuretics are not effective when |
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Definition
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Term
| High-ceiling diuretics can cause_________ through excessive fluid loss |
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Definition
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Term
| High-ceiling diuretics cause hypotension by_________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| decreasing blood volume and relaxing venous smooth muscle |
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Term
| __________ causes hearing loss which is ________ |
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Definition
| high-ceiling diuretics and reversible |
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Term
| Pt taking digoxin (high-ceiling diuretic) may experience |
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Definition
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Term
| HTN and edema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease are tx'd with |
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Definition
| high-ceiling diurectics andd thiazides |
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Term
| _________ block sodium and water reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiazide diuretics produce less diuresis than than |
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Definition
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Term
| thiazide diuretcis are ineffective when |
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Definition
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Term
| Like high-ceiling diuretics,________ can cause hypokalemia and dehydration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thiazide-induced hypokalemia presents as a special problem for pts taking |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ act by blocking NA+/K+ exchange in the_______ |
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Definition
| K+ sparing diuretics and distal convoluted tubules |
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Term
| K+ sparing diuretics cause only |
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Definition
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Term
| What are K+ sparing diuretics primarily used for? |
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Definition
| to counteract K+ loss in pt taking loop diuretics or thiazides |
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Term
| K+ sparing diuretics cause |
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Definition
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Term
| K+ sparing diuretics should with precaution in those pt who are taking |
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Definition
| ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors. |
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Term
| Beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors result from inhibition _______ and _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| When you inhibit ACE is leads to the |
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Definition
| a decrease in production of angiotensin II |
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Term
| When angiotensin II is decreased, it causes_______, _________,________. |
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Definition
| decreased blood volume, vasodilation, and reversal of pathologic changes in the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
| What are ACE inhibitors used to treat? |
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Definition
HTN, heart failure, MI, and nephropathy.
- also used to prevent MI, stroke, and death |
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Term
| How do ACE inhibitors cause a first dose hypotension? |
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Definition
| by causing a sharp drop in circulating angiotensin II |
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Term
| What is the most common reason for discontinuation of an ACE inhibitor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of the cough from ACE inhibitor usage? |
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Definition
| accumulation of bradykinin |
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Term
| How do ACE inhibitors cause hyperkalemia? |
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Definition
| they suppress aldosterone |
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Term
| What pregnancy category are ACE inhibitors? |
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Definition
Cat X
-causes major fetal malformations in all three trimesters |
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Term
| Pt with ___________ can have a significant drop in their blood pressure when taking ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
bilateral renal artery stenosis
-or if they have one kidney and have a stenosed artery |
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Term
| Calcium entry into the heart causes__________,____________, and __________ |
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Definition
| increased heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility |
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Term
| CCB decrease_______,____________, and ______. |
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Definition
| heart rate, AV conduction, and myocardial contractility |
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Term
| Because all CCB cause vasodialation they are useful in |
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Definition
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Term
| Verapamil and diltiazem can cause________, ___________, and _________. |
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Definition
| bradycardia, AV block, and exacerbation of heart failure. |
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Term
| __________ intensify cardiosuppression caused by verapamil and diltiazem. |
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Definition
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Term
| All adults, older than 20, should be screened every 5 yrs for |
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Definition
| total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides |
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Term
| Treatment of elevated LDL is based on the person |
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Definition
| 10yr risk assessment for major coronary event |
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Term
| People with CHD or risk for CHD are in the _________ 10 yr risk group. |
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Definition
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Term
| The higher the 10yr risk assessment the lower the _______ goal |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary methods for reducing LDL? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are drugs given when dealing with elevated LDL? |
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Definition
| when diet and exercise are ineffective |
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Term
| How long should a pt expect to stay on medication to reduce their cholesterol? |
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Definition
indefinitely
-withdrawel from medication usage causes a return in premedication values |
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Term
| Bile-acid are not absorbed from the GI tract and hence do not cause |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish oil must contain _____ and _______ to provide cardiovascular protection |
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Definition
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Term
| Fish oil has been show to reduce |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Arterial thrombi are best prevented with |
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Definition
| antiplatlet drugs like asa |
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Term
| Venous thrombi are best prevented with |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic testing for VKORC1 and CYP2C9 can id those who have an increased sensitivity to |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of warfarin use during pregnancy to the fetus? |
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Definition
| malformation, CNS defects, and optic atrophy |
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