Term
We are concerned if the disfluency count shows...
1. % total disfluent
2. % total SLD
3. % disfluency SLD
4.% of stuttering-like repetitions |
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Definition
1. % total disfluent 10% or higher
2. % total SLD is 3% or higher
3. % disfluency SLD is 66% or higher
4. % of Stuttering like repetitions is 25% or more having two or more iterations |
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Term
| What are the four items we calculate on disfluency counts? |
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Definition
1. % total disfluent
2. % total SLD
3. % disfluency SLD
4% of stuttering like repetitions |
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Term
| what equation calculates % total disfluencies? |
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Definition
| total disfluent/total syllables |
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|
Term
| what equation calculates % total SLD? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what equation calculates % disfluency SLD? |
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Definition
| # SLD/ total disfluencies |
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Term
| SSR and WWR are considered... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ASP and ISP are considered... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the most commonly produced disfluency is... |
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Definition
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Term
| During the parent interview what information can help us to predict if the stuttering is likely to persist? |
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Definition
| family history of stuttering (either persistent or recovered), time since onset (how long has the child stuttered?), how has the stuttering changed since the onset, in quantity and quality?, child's sex helps predict recovery and length of recovery course (5:1 ratio of adult males: females, boys are more likely to persist, boys recover within three years, girls recover within 1 year), child's reaction to his/her stuttering according to parent report (and later kiddy-cat communication attitude test) |
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Term
| what fraction of children between the ages of 2-4 will recover without treatment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are disfluency characteristics that predict persistence (take date over more than 1 assessment)? |
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Definition
| increasing frequency of slds, 2-3 unit repetitions, relatively effortless changing to more numerous iterations of reps, prolongations (ASP and ISP), physical concomitant (grimacing, bodily tension,ect.) |
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Term
| the presence of phonological disorders predict what in the stuttering of preschool children? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is offering treatment deferral an option? |
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Definition
| stuttering signs have been present less than 1 year and in the absence of any additional complicating factors |
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Term
| if a child has been stuttering for over a year and in the absence of any additional complicating factors should you monitor or treat them? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| systematic monitoring means re-assessing every ... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the stuttering assessment for school-age children |
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Definition
| assess the same as preschool, assess underlying behaviors (avoidance strategies), how has stuttering impacted school and social performance, teasing, |
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Term
| what are three avoidance strategies? |
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Definition
| Word substitution, postponement, situational avoidance |
|
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Term
| word substitution includes... |
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Definition
| circumlocution, less precise words, awkward phrasing |
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Term
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Definition
| aka starter, filler words or pausing before feared words |
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Term
| situation avoidance includes... |
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Definition
| e.g. not talking on the phone |
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Term
| no longer likely to see spontaneous recovery beyond age.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What formal assessment is done for stuttering assessment for adolescents/adults? |
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Definition
| speech data, disfluency count, look at quality,not just quantity of disfluencies, Stuttering Severity Instrument, and in three different situations (e.g. conversation, monologue, and reading), "what do you do when you stutter?" |
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Term
| what informal assessment is done for stuttering assessments for adolescents/adults? |
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Definition
| stutter pattern, role it plays in that person's life, Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES), full case interview assessing these factors, past experience with treatment,ect., "What do you do because you stutter?" |
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Term
| What are factors that may impact treatment success? |
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Definition
| child/parent strengths, therapeutic relationship, expectancy/hope (placebo effect) |
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Term
| what fall under child/parent strengths? |
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Definition
| temperament (reactivity and regulation), locus of control and perceived competence, phonological/language skills, congruence (balance of emotion and intellect), shifting perspective (from forcing child to change to being an ally) |
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Term
| what falls under therapeutic relationship? |
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Definition
| client education, empathy, attending to client's theory of change, early perceptions of success |
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Term
| when is the onset of stuttering? |
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Definition
| between 2-4 years old (time of dramatic language growth) |
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Term
| there is a higher percentage of co-occurring _________ disorders in CWS |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| stuttering is correlated with... |
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Definition
| linguistic demand (utterance length and complexity) |
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Term
| those who recovered move from a language profile that was ______ age level to one that was more.... |
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Definition
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Term
| children stutter when there are ______ among sub components of language |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are more disfluent than peers, but do not stutter, per se (weakness in language impacts speech fluency) |
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Term
| parents don't cause the problem, but... |
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Definition
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Term
| what are ways interaction styles of parents can impact fluency in CWS, who may be vulnerable inguistically |
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Definition
| overlapping, complexity of language |
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|
Term
| higher prevalence of _______ disorders in CWS (1/3) |
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Definition
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Term
| stuttering is more likely to persist with ____ phonological skills |
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Definition
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Term
| phonological scores _______ correlated with stuttering severity |
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Definition
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Term
| stuttered words have _____ neighboorhood density, _____ neighborhood frequency, and ______word frequency |
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Definition
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Term
| neural processes are different in adults who stutter during ... |
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Definition
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Term
| CWS perform ______ on non-word repetition tasks |
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Definition
|
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Term
| do CWS process more holistically or incrementally |
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Definition
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Term
| did CWS name picture of bed faster when seeing a picture of bed after hearing "b" or after hearing "-ed"? |
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Definition
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Term
| CWS process phonetically is |
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Definition
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Term
| you need to assess phonological ability ( and if there are clinically significant problems...) |
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Definition
| go beyond standardized test |
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Term
| some efficacy has been shown for simultaneous treatment of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is an indirect approach or a direct approach to phonological treatment recommended? Why? |
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Definition
| indirect approach to phonological treatment is recommended, although empirical evidence that direct phonological approach would exacerbate stuttering is not available |
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Term
| understanding the nature and theoretical basis of a disorder helps to do what? |
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Definition
| 1. create effective evaluation and treatment procedures, 2. discern what treatment approaches are likely to aid a person vs. have temporary effects |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the diagnosogenic theory? |
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Definition
| belief that there is no organic cause of stuttering, but that it is a learned reaction to the negative reactions of parents to normal non-fluency in childhood |
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|
Term
| which theory posits that a child's stuttering is a response to reactions of parents? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the freudian theory? |
|
Definition
| cerebral dominance (ppl who stutter were more likely to be left handed) |
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Term
| ______ learning is used to explain the phenomenon of adaptation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is experimental extinction? |
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Definition
| after a person stutters, their anxiety reduces because it wasn't so bad, which reinforces the stuttering. With repeated readings anxiety is already reduced, so no reinforcement is given and there is a decrease in stuttering |
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Term
|
Definition
| something to increase the behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| something to decrease the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| presentation of something |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delivering shocks, loud tones and other aversive stimuli after a stutter ____ stuttering |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| using positive or neutral stimuli after stuttering led to ________ in stuttering |
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Definition
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|
Term
| massed practice of motor speech patterns reduced the likelihood of... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| there is evidence of reduced speech reaction time (RT) and the _____ of speech patterns |
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Definition
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|
Term
| adults who stutter sometimes exhibit what to suggest they have speech motor control problems? |
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Definition
| aberrant 5-15 Hz oscillations in orofacial mm |
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|
Term
| there is some evidence of less ____ of speech motor patterns in cws |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the loci (where stuttering occurs) of stuttering appears to be ______ based on linguistic factors |
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Definition
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|
Term
| variables highly associated with stuttering... |
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Definition
| initial sound in a consonant, 1st 3 positons in a sentence, 5 or more letters in a word (longer word length), content words (e.g. noun, verb, adj.), longer, more grammatically/syntactically complex sentences |
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Term
| it was proposed that adaptation could be due to _________ of the readings, and thereby reduced need to... |
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Definition
| reduced novelty, plan and execute the plan |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluency failures (i.e. stuttering) result from efforts to correct lexemic representations, that slows phonological encoding. Leads to postponement and restarting. |
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|
Term
| what is one of the newest proposed theories for stuttering? |
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Definition
| dual-diathesis stress model |
|
|
Term
| cws ____ demonstrate aberrant emotions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| existing ____________ may work in concert with emotional processes, resulting in stuttering |
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Definition
| vulnerabilities in speech-language planning and production |
|
|
Term
| what does the evidence say about cws with regards to emotions? |
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Definition
| cws are...more sensitive or reactive to environmental changes, more active and impulsive, more apt to react with negative emotions |
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Term
| children who use regulation strategies less during storytelling also... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| name two multi-factorial models |
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Definition
| communication-emotional model of stuttering, dynamic nonlinear model |
|
|
Term
| name some fluency-inducing conditions |
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Definition
| white noise, altered auditory feedback, amplifying speaker's voice, choral reading, delayed feedback, frequency altered, metronome effect, novel modes of speaking (singing, speaking in a sing-song voice or monotone, whispering, shouting, alteration of pitch, rate, imitate foreign dialect), pairing speech with another activity ( e.g. dancing, playing piano, ect.) |
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|
Term
| approximately ___% of these children developing chronic stuttering that persists into adulthood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stuttering is ____ and a ______ in which the forward flow and rhythm of speaking involuntarily disrupted even though ... |
|
Definition
| developmental, disorder,the individual knows precisely what he/she wants to say |
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Term
| stuttering affects ___% of preschool children |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| persistent CWS scored ____ on expressive and receptive portions of the Preschool Language scales |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| periods of dysfluency correspond to the _______ of specific language disorders |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| assessment of cws should include a ________ eval of speech and language |
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Definition
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|
Term
| "um", non SLD may be characteristic of what for adolescents/adults |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| we no longer include what question when asking adolescents/adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are _____ delays in phonological development for young children who exhibited persistent stuttering |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| stuttering compared to those who recovered from stuttering also suggested that phonological disorders ________ among cws |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| neural systems engaged for phonological processing are ________ compared to normal fluent speakers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ at the most difficult rhyming judgment task indicate AWS may be more vulnerable to increased task demand |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| aws display greater _________ hemisphere involvement in late cognitive processes for the rhyming task |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| aws are more vulnerable to ... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| rhyming judments involve the encoding of _________ information into __________representations and are thought to activate.... |
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Definition
| orthographic, phonological, the articulatory loop or inner voice |
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|
Term
| the relative contributions of the left and right hemisphere functions may differ in cws for the stage of _____ when ________ occurs |
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Definition
| processing, linguistic integratioin |
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|
Term
| one structural imaging study of cws aged 9-122 indicates that anatomical differences in cws...such as... |
|
Definition
| reduced gray matter volumen in the left inferior frontal cortex (broca's area), increased gray matter in the right hemisphere insula region, decreased white matter in arcuate fasciculus |
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|
Term
| contingent negative variations is ______ in cws, but the differences resolve as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| contingent negative variations may be a ______ phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biggs and sheehan contended that the reason for the punishment effect in stuttering is not the relationship of response and aversive stimuli but that the decrease in stuttering as a result of response contingent stimulation is not an effect of punishment, but of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptation usually becomes less marked by the ___ reading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptation decrease is about ___% from the first reading |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you vary reading material _____adaptation takes place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you increase audience stuttering rate is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sudden loud noise _____ the course of adaptation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of expressive and receptive language skills |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of proclivities to emotional reactivity and regulation of emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of experimentally manipulated emotional inductions prior to narrative speaking tasks |
|
|
Term
| what was the effect of conversation type with walden? |
|
Definition
| there was no main effect of conversation type |
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|
Term
| walden results indicated that stuttering in prek kids is influenced by emotion and language diathesis, as well as... |
|
Definition
| coping strategies and situational emotional stressors |
|
|
Term
| variable stressors may ______relativitly stable diathesis (e.g. individual differences), leading to disruptions in fluent speech |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emotional stressors are variable features of situations that ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| language stressors are situational requirements for ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the emotional components of the model are conceptualized in terms of 2 aspects... |
|
Definition
| reactivity and regulation |
|
|
Term
| emotional reactivity is the tendency to experience _____ and ____ emotional arousal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| emotional regulation is the occurrence, intensity, and duration of _____ and emotion-related ... |
|
Definition
| feelings, physiological processes |
|
|
Term
| does autonomic arousal differ among cws and td peers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and _____ of stuttering was correlated with autonomic arousal, even prior to the onset of the utterance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arnold found that cws who used more frequent and longer-lasting regulatory strategies while speaking stuttered ____ compared to cws who used fewer regulatory strageties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| johnson: cws stuttered more after receiving desirable gifts vs. disappointing gifts suggesting... |
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Definition
| that emotions prior to and during speaking contribute to childhood stuttering even in situations involving positive emotion |
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|
Term
| genetically stuttering is probably... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| howie study indicated that about ___% of liability to stutter is genetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genetic susceptibility is the cumulative contribution of multi unspecified genes and multiple enviornmental factors including... |
|
Definition
| motor speech ability, emotions, psycholinguistic theories |
|
|
Term
| what model do we need to consider during interview or evaluation? what should we consider? |
|
Definition
| communication-emotional model of stuttering, consider: oral motor skills, linguistic profile, temperament questionaires, and observations of how the child reacts to coming into a new clinic THEN do a fluency count |
|
|
Term
| why does white noise work? |
|
Definition
| inability to hear one's own speech |
|
|
Term
| theories of white noise effect |
|
Definition
| disturbances of auditory feedback, relatively free from anxiety-producing cues, intensity of person's voice or other vocal changes from the Lombard effect, noise is a distraction |
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