arctic

continetal polar

maritime polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

Precipitation: increasing until frontal pass. decreasing

temperature: warmer, cooler, cool

wind: shifts to right as front passes

Pressure: falls at approach, bottoms out at passage then rises

Precipitation: light to mod. as front approaches, light at passage, rain showers after

temp: cold to cool, warmer after passage

Wind: shift to right as front passes.

Pressure: Falls as front aprroaches, steady, slight rise after passage, falls

50 to 6,500 ft

may have water droplets, ice crystals, super-cooled water droplets

stratus, stratocumulus, or cumuls

6500 to 20000 ft.

ice crystals or super cooled water droplets

altostratus, altocumulus and nimbostratus

16000 to 45000-60000

ice crystals

cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus

occur in unstable air

form at low or middle and can exceed 36000 ft

heavy turbulence under and icing in clouds

cumulonimbus and towering cumulonimbus

standing lenticular

Rotor

Virga

what is convective?

updrafts

warm moist air is forced aloft, water condenses, release heat energy

experienced engine failure at 45000 feet and was ejected into thunderstorm

suffered frostbite, hail, lightning, and rain

in chute for 40 minutes

adheres to surface increasing weight

energy transfer causes decrease in aircraft velocity

roughens airfoil surface and decreases efficiency of wing

what to use as de icing?

small aircraft: isopropyl sprayed on surface

large aircraft: glycol based fluid

distorts the airfoil and destroys lift

high levels of drag

increases stall speed

covers antennas causing comm/nav issues

block engine inlets

de ice removes ice

anti ice prevents ice 

bumps in flight

light, moderate, severe, and extreme

occurs in boundry layer, wind speed increase and direction changes with altitude

Unstable air mass, strong winds, rough, terrain

above 15000ft, vertical and horizontal shearing, at the edges of jet stream or low pressure trough

out of the blue

air flowing over large mountains, most intense turbulence, near the tropopause

125 miles downwind

in lenticular and rotor clouds

atc spaces aircrafts

low and slow and vulnerable to roll or upset

rotate and land before last aircraft rotated and landed

weekend daylight hours

56 percent in afternoon

32 percent in morning

2 percent at night, dawn, or dusk

a flight time prior to the collision is 45 minutes

60 percent have been airborne 30 minutes or less

6 percent have been flying longer than 2 hours

to prevent spatial disorientation

maintain clearance from clouds to prevent crashes

plane always turns right to avoid crash

final approach aircraft has priority over all

if 2 have same specifications, one with lowest altitude has right of way

service on workload permitting basis for vfr ops.

discreet transponder code

may request atc

visual scanning

ability to communicate through radio

sit. awareness

good airmanship

97 percent at 101-199 knots

47% above 400 knots

clean windscreens

evaluate blindspots

focus on objects

scan sector for 3-5 seconds

powerplant

airframe

A- 500 to 800 hours, overnight at gate

B- 4-6 months, 1-3 days at hangar

C- 15-20 months, 1-2 weeks

D- 5 years, 2 months

improper procedures

fatique

mad math

pencil whipping

lack of assertiveness

shift change miscommunications

Lack of communication

complacency

lack of knowledge

distraction

lack of teamwork

fatique

lack of resources

pressure

assertiveness

stress

lack of awareness

norms