Things that are in a language together. A language as it exists.

1. Pragmatics-applications of words in context
2. Syntax-sentence structure
3. Semantics-sound/meaning
4. Morphology-how we form words
5. phonology-sounds

Comparing language, dialects, similarities and differences in syntax.

• Interdisciplinary:

When we take what linguists do and comapre it to other fields.

For example, neurolinguistics, anthopological linguistics, and Psycholinguistics.

internal grammar generates focus on language in brain=internal grammar

(study of performance is usage like what comes out of your mouth. Your

speech reflects rules. Study of performance will lead to your competence, rules we call internal grammar. 

purpose of analysis is to use it in usage. 

Built into the syntactic rules in our brain is recursion. conjunction –subordination- smacks of subordinate clauses (infinite,) ex.

John is very very very old. But “Very” really means “and”

Subordination: subordinate clauses in sentences and they are infinite too. Ex: the dog that ate the cat that ate the mouse….”

Put together The Art of Grammar in about 150 B.C. He combined the Stoics ideas of analysis with the Alexandrians usage rules. 

He didn't have interjections (Romans came up with it) and adjectives (he considered nouns and adjectives to be the same. In its place were participles.

Naturalism (Plato)-He said we call things what we do because that is what

it is and its unnatural to call it anything else. 

Conventionalism (Aristotle)- We call things anything as long as we agree 

on it 

past is better than present, freeze the language and standardize it, stop change.

analogy of cave, person can't see behind yet, sees shadows, leads to

Standardization of language.

– God dictates connection with grammar and religion  (3 genders = trinity, and 8 parts of speech= 8 offices in the church.

Renaissance rebirth of learning 1450-1500. The rise of vernacular languages due to nationalism, protestant reformation, and the rise of the middle class resulting in the fall of Latin.

1. Latin (IT WAS HE. = this rule comes from Latin, b/c Latin does it, its good enough for us)

    

2. Reason (The Age of reason)- People were trying to be logical and reasonable. Will for emphasis and shall for future. 
3. Elimination of variation: (Will/Shall) 
4. Stopping change through Language academies who decide on matters of change.
5. Authority to reinforce rules (Grammarians and great writers)

Neoclassicism –1850-1780 Romantic period, a cultural movement that embraces 

art, music, language. Neoclassical went back to Greeks and Latin,

-people became enamored with Greek and romans, they started writing in Greek and Latin models

People were trying to be logical, reasonable. In 1640, John Wallis 

wants a “grammar of English”. He is interested in reason. John Wallis writes a

book of English. 

 Writes the most  important English book in 1762. He published English Grammar, came up with the idea of double negative. Were degating Latin here and going with

Reason!(Double negative Rule) . he was an angelican priest, scholarly, held at

high esteem, turned down to be arch bishop.

In double negative, countered latin and went with Reason. Math is not

language, but were using their rule- two negatives equal a positive but even

in adding, don’t equal a positive, just in multiplication. 

He was electrographer,  

He wrote a dictionary, author of great dictionary, but was a grammarian and lanaguge historic, he snuck in a dull form old English, ex: among- 3 or more, use wit with two, we- with three or more. 

analyzing sentence word by words by categories and tell us what it is, every word equally.

Benefits: Makes sentence structure visual and is organized by function.

Downside: You have to learn the language of the diagram and it wasn't organized by parts. 

1. Jury:are panels to make determination, members of this are best people, but it goes down to one-man approach. 
2. Corpus:a body of data- they collect objective data and analyze it and people have to be trained in gathering, it hasn’t gotten far. 

Fred Walcott & Alber Marckwardt were the first to talk about the levels of usage

literary, American literary, colloquial, American colloquial, dialectal, archaic