Term
| Major Components of Adaptive Immune |
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Definition
Induced by exposure to specific antigen;
- T lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- Antibodies
Response depends on what protein is on the surface |
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Term
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Definition
Phagocytes display microbial peptides on their surface and present them to T cells.
T cells become activated, and in turn help activate B cells.
B cells become actiaved and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies for specific microbes |
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Term
Cardinal Features of Adaptive Responses
(1-3) |
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Definition
1) Specificity: ability to distinguish between many different antigens.
2) Diversity: enables immune system to respond to large variety of antigens.
3) Memory: rapid and enhanced response to repeat exposures; e.g. chicken pox |
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Term
Cardinal Features of Adaptive Responses
(4-7) |
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Definition
4) clonal expansion: increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep up with microbes
5) specialization: responses generated are optimal for defense against particular pathogens
6) Contraction and homeostasis: responses are self-limited
7) Nonreactivity to self: immune system doe snot react to host substances |
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Term
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Definition
Innate: PAMPs and molecules produced by damaged host cells.
Adaptive: microbial and non microbial antigens |
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Term
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Definition
Innate: limited, germline encoded
Adaptive: very large, somatic gene recombination |
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Term
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Definition
Innate: none
Adaptive: yes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cellular and chemical barriers |
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Definition
Innate: skin, mucosal membranes, antimicrobials.
Adaptive: lymphocytes in epithelia, antibodies secretes at epithelial surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
Innate: complement, others
Adaptive: antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Innate: macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells.
Adaptive: lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendritic cells; only Naive T cells require presented antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized to capture antigens, transport them tolymphoid tissues and present them to lymphocytes. Most potent stimulators of naive t lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant phagocytic cells present in blood, granulocytes, first line of defense against bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytic cells present in blood, precursors of tissue macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| Monocytes that have entered tissue, actiavted macrophages critical for mediating inflammatory-type reactions. Marcophages are important: huge in inflammatory response, when activated rows larger, important for creating environment for immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigen presenting cells; capture antigens for display to lymphocytes. Such as: dendritic cells, macrophages, certain b cells |
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Term
Natural Killer Cells
- Innate |
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Definition
Lymphocytes, kill infected host cells, or altered cells, granules induce apoptosis
Do not express clonally distributed antigen receptors, convince cells to kill themselves
* CD16 surface receptor (Fc for IgG) |
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Term
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Definition
| mediators of humoral immunity: ANTIBODIES |
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Term
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Definition
| mediators: cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
| Maturation of Mononuclear Phagocytes |
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Definition
Arise from precursors in bone marrow.
1) bone marrow stem cell
2) blood monocyte
3) tissue macrophage
4) differentiation/actiavtion |
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Term
| Maturation of Lymphocytes |
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Definition
Develop from bone marrow stem cells, mature in generative (primary) lymphoid organs
- Bone marrow for B cells
- Thymus for T ells
* Circulate through blood to secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes, spleen, regional lymphoid tissue |
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Term
| Organization of Lymphoid Organs |
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Definition
| peripheral lymphoid organs are organized to optimize interactions of antigens, APCs and lymphocytes. Promotes adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph drained by lymphatic vessels from tissues to lymph nodes and back to circulation. APCs sample antigens and present to lymphocytes. Antigens become concentrated. Great meeting place |
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Term
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Definition
T and B cells are segregated into different compartments.
B cells: follicles
T cells: paracortex.
* Dendritic cells present in both regions to activate lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1) emerge from bone marrow and thymus
2) migrate to secondary lymph organs
3) activated by interaction with antigen
4) differentiate into effector or memory cells
* T cells go to site of infection, B cells make antibodies, can get into blood and go anywhere, they can also encounter microbes on the way |
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Term
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Definition
| Effector cells: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memoery T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Effector cells: plasma cells, memory B cells |
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Term
| Helper T cells (CD3+ CD4+) |
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Definition
B cell differentiation (TH2; humoral)
Macrophage activation (TH1; cell-mediated)
*CD4 is a glycoprotein involved in antigen presentation
* Helper T cells most abundant |
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells (CD3+ CD8+) |
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Definition
| Killing of microbe-infected self cells and tumor cells |
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Term
| Regulatory T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD25+) |
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Definition
| suppress function of other T cells, regulates immune responses, tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
* B cell produced antibodies: most efficient defense against extracellular microbes
* Activated macrophages kill most intracellular bacteria
* Cytotoxic T cells are most efficient defense against viruses that reproduce in cell cytoplasm
* Antibodies can't go into cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendritic cells interact with invading microbe; provides cytokine environment that selects the most efficient adaptive response |
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Term
Helper T cells
- Division of Labor |
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Definition
Th1 activate macrophages that fight intracellular bacteria.
Th2 actiavte B cells to become plasma cells and produce antibody |
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Term
Cytotoxic t cells
- Division of Labor |
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Definition
| Kill virally infected and tumor cells |
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Term
B Cells
- Division of Labor |
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Definition
Activated by antigen and cytokines from helper T cells. Become plasma cells and produce antibody.
- THe cytokine profile that is produced by dendritic cells during activation causes TH0 to become TH1 |
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Term
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Definition
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
* IL-1 is instrumental in causing fever |
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Term
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Definition
C3b: opsonin, promotes phagocytosis of coated cells
C5a, C3a, C4a: stimulate leukocyte recruitment and inflammation |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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Definition
Membrane proteins on APCs that display antigens to T cells
Collection of genes that make up MHC are found in all mammals
Human MHC proteins called: human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Presenting molecules located on surface of cells, found on all mammals |
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Term
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Definition
Expressed on all nucleated cells
Highly Polymorphic, many alleles at each locus
Bind peptides derived from (inside) cytoplasmic proteins
Major role in allograft rejection
Presents antigen to CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells)
recognize altered-self cells |
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Term
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Definition
Found on: Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
MHC class II molecules bind peptides from derived sources external to cell
Play major role in graft vs host disease and mixed lymphocyte reaction
Present antigen to CD4 t cells |
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Term
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Definition
Most polymorphic genes known
- MHC genes expressed co-dominantly in heterozygotes - express both equally |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely imporant, CD3+ on every t cell |
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Term
| Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement |
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Definition
| Random process, begins on either maternal or paternal chromosome, if successful, protein is synthesized. If not successful, rearrangement proceeds on the other chromosome. If successful, protein is synthesized, if unsuccessful = dead. Result in expression of only one allele. SUPER IMPORTANT. |
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Term
| Which part of the antibody bind antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Provides defense against infections by intracellular microbes.
Two types of infections lead to intracellular microbes:
Phagocytosis resistance
Viruses (parasitic) |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by T cells, receptors for IL-2 are located on the T cell itself, when made it binds to its own t cell. Important for proliferation/clonal expansion of t cells. Some become effector cells, some memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| LFA-1 allows closer interaction with APC along with ICAM-1; bring cells closer and strenghten binding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T cell accessory molecules |
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Definition
CD3: signal transduction by TCR complex
CD4: signal transduction
CD8: signal transduction
CD28: signal transduction (costimulation)
CTLA-4: signal transduction (negative regulation)
LFA-1: Adhesion |
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