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Definition
| anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) |
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| combination of oxygen with other materials (rust, combustion of methane) |
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| reaction that gives off energy (combustion) |
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| reaction that absorbs energy (creation of steam) |
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| oxidation of fuels in the gas phase |
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| oxidation of fuels at it's surface |
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| Oxygen, Fuel, Heat, Self-sustained Chemical Reaction |
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| Difference between heat and temperature |
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Definition
| one is a form of kinetic energy, the other is a measurement of kinetic energy |
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| measurement of heat energy (1 newton over 1 meter) |
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| chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat |
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| mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source |
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| no external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or vapors |
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| Autoignition temperature (AIT) |
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Definition
| temperature to which the surface of a substance must be heated for ignition and self-sustained combustion to occur; always higher than the piloted temperature |
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Definition
| most common source of heat in combustion reactions; any combustible is in contact with oxygen |
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| 'spontaneous heating'; chemical heat energy that occurs when a material increases in temperature without the addition of external heat (ex: oil-rag on the ground) |
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| Common spontaneous heating materials |
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Definition
| charcoal, oil-soaked rags, hay and manure |
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Definition
| heat produced while electric current flows through a conductor |
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Definition
| current flowing through a conductor exceeds its design limits, may overheat and become ignition hazard |
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| high-temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium (ex: lightning) |
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| Electric arc where particles form and spatter away |
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| generated through friction or compression |
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| transfer of heat from one body to another through direct contact (solid-to-solid) |
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Definition
transfer of heat from a fluid (liquid or gas) to a solid surface
usually involves transfer of heat UP through hot smoke and gases |
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Definition
transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without a medium
as the temperature increases, the radiant energy increases by the FOURTH power |
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Definition
| materials that absorb heat bot do not participate actively in the combustion reaction (moisture of surface, humidity) |
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Definition
| density of gases in relation to air (with air being '1') |
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| ratio of mass of a given volume compared to the mass of water (with water being '1') |
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| temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but not sustain, combustion |
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Definition
temperature at which sufficient vapors are being generated to sustain combustion reactions
commonly used to indicate the flammability hazard of liquid fuels...at what temperature will it sustain being burned? |
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Definition
extent at which a substance will mix with water
miscibile materials will mix at any proportion |
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Definition
Less than 392F
moisture is released as wood begins to dry |
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392 to 536F
majority of moisture has been released; charring has begun; primary compound being released is carbon monoxide; no ignition |
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Definition
536 to 932F
combustible compounds are released and ignition can occur; charcoal formed by the burning process |
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Greater than 932F
Free burning wood exists as the wood material is converted to flammable gases |
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Definition
| total amount of energy released when a specific amount burns (expressed in kilojoules/gram) |
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| energy released per unit of time as the given fuel burns (expressed in kilowatts) |
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| not combustible, but, like oxygen, will support combustion |
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Definition
| calcium hypochlorite (chlorination of water in swimming pools); chlorine (water purification); ammonium nitrate (fertilizer); hydrogen peroxide (bleaching); methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (catalyst in plastic manufacturing) |
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Definition
| defines an atmosphere having less than 19.5% oxygen in the air as 'oxygen deficient' and a hazard to persons not on SCBA; concentrations exceeding 23.5% is 'oxygen enriched' and a fire risk |
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Definition
| material in PPE that will not burn at normal O2 levels, but will in oxygen-enriched environments |
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| Flammable (explosive) range |
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Definition
range between the upper flammable limit and the lower flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited
needs the right mixture of fuel and oxidizer |
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Definition
produced through the combustion of materials containing nitrogen; prevents the body from using oxygen at the cellular level
byproduct of the combustion of polyurethane foam, which is commonly in furniture and bedding |
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Definition
| Fire development is controlled by the characteristics and configuration of the fuel; ventilation does not matter |
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Definition
| Fire development is limited by air supply; fuel does not matter |
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Term
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Definition
| Hottest gases tend to rise to the top layer |
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Term
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Definition
| pockets of flame moving through the hot gas layer above the neutral flame; indicator of developing flashover conditions |
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Term
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Definition
unburned fire gases accumlating at the top of the compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling
involvement is only of fire gases at the upper levels and not other fuel packages
generally precedes flashover, but not always resulting in it |
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Term
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Definition
rapid transition between the growth and fully developed fire stages
temperature in a compartment results in the simultaneous ignition of all the combustible contents in the space
NOT survivable
burning gases push out of the compartment at a substantial velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| all combustible materials in a compartment are burning |
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Definition
fuel is consumed and energy release diminishes, and temperatures decrease
fire goes from ventilation-controlled to fuel-controlled again |
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Definition
instantaneous explosion of superheated gases when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space
doesn't need a horizontal opening; all that is required is mixing hot, fuel-rich smoke with air |
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