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| Supporting network applications. Such as FTP, HTTP, TCP. Interacts with software applications that implement communication. |
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| ensure that information sent from the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system. Some examples of presentation layer encoding and encryption |
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| The session layer establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between presentation layer entities. Synchronization, check-pointing and recovery of data exchange. |
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| Process to process data transfer. (TCP & UDP) |
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| ProvidesRouting of data-grams from source to destination. |
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| The data link layer is where the logical information (i.e., IP addresses) is translated into the actual electrical pulses that travel over the physical layer.data transfer between neighboring network elements. (PPP, Ethernet) |
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| 4 Sources of packet delay |
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| Nodal processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, transmission delay |
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| Checks bit errors, determine output link. |
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| Time waiting at output link for transmission, depends on congestion level of router. |
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| R= link bandwidth(bps), L= packet length(bits), time to send bits into link = L/R |
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| Propagation delay: D= length of physical link., S= speed of medium(~2x10^8 m/sec) Propagation delay = d/s |
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| interconnected routers, network of networks |
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| Sender won’t overwhelm receiver. |
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| Sender slows down sending rate when network is congested. |
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Definition
Connectionless, unreliable data transfer, no flow/congestion control.
-Apps: streaming media, teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony |
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Definition
| up to 1Mbps upstream, up to 8Mbps down stream |
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| HFC(hybrid fiber coax) speeds: |
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| up to 2 Mbps upstream, 30 downstrea |
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| 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps |
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| dedicated circuit per call: telephone net |
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| data sent thru net in discrete “chunks” |
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| FTP uses separate control connection to send its control information |
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Definition
| To find IP address for hostname |
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Definition
| To find hostname of name server |
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Definition
| Gives you (canonical) real name from hostname |
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Definition
| Gives name of mail server |
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