Term
| The thoracic cavity contains what two major organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the attachments between each cardiac cell that allow them to transmit an impulse from one cell to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is also known as the "pacemaker of the heart"? |
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Definition
| The sinoatrial (SA) node. |
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Term
| What vessel normally carries oxygen-rich blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer layer that forms a fibrous sac around the heart is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The pulmonary circulation is under: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vein lies along the lateral aspect of the hind limb just above the hock? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relaxation of the atria and ventricles. |
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Term
| The heart lies in the ____________, the space between the two pleural cavities. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pathway of electrical conduction in the heart starts at the ___________, moves down to the AV node then to the ___________ and then to the Purkinje Fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the path of blood flow once blood enters the heart via the cranial vena cava. |
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Definition
| Vena Cava --> r. atrium --> tricuspid valve --> r. ventricle --> pulmonic valve --> pulmonary artery --> pulmonary capillaries --> pulmonary vein --> l. atrium --> mitral valve --> l. ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta |
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Term
| Explain what is occuring during the QRS wave. |
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Definition
| The atria repolarize and the ventricles depolarize. |
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Term
| Explain what is occuring during the T wave. |
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Definition
| The ventricles repolarize. |
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Term
| This specie has the largest erythrocyte: |
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Definition
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Term
| You may see these immature granulocytes in circulation (horseshoe shaped nuclei): |
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Definition
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Term
| Rarely seen in horses, have purple to blue granules in their cytoplasm: |
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Definition
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Term
| Small, anucleated, and can be found on the feathered edge in clumps: |
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Definition
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Term
| Red blood cell production is stimulated by hypoxia which targets what organ to release erythropoietin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically what percentage of an animal's body weight is blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the erythrocyte is to: |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood protein plays a role in hemostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| An antigen may be destroyed in the body before the animal even shows clinical signs of sickness, because of this immunoglobulin: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein, hormones and lymphocytes. |
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Term
| The largest leukocyte whose major function is phagocytosis: |
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Definition
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Term
| The leukocyte involved in antibody production and cellular immunity: |
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Definition
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Term
| This leukocyte has distinct pink/red staining granules: |
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Definition
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Term
| What does oxygen attach to in the erythrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main function of this cell is to maintain hemostasis and keep the integrity of the vessel walls: |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest lymphoid organ in the body: |
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Definition
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Term
| This hormone is released by the kidney to stimulate erythropoiesis: |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two types of Specific Immunity. |
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Definition
| Humoral and cell-mediated. |
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Term
| This structure is also known as the voice box. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the pH level in the blood has decreased, carbon dioxide level in the blood is __________ and respiration should ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas exchange occurs at the level of the: |
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Definition
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Term
| List some elements that regulate breathing. |
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Definition
| Medulla oblongata, stretch receptors, pH. |
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Term
| The volume of air inspired and expired during one breath. |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles contract during inhalation? |
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Definition
| External intercostals and the diaphragm. |
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Term
| What are the two sinuses a dog and cat have? |
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Definition
| Frontal and maxillary sinuses. |
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Term
| What equine disease is commonly known as "roaring"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the functions of the respiratory system. |
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Definition
| Exchange O2 and CO2, voice production, body temperature regulation, acid-base regulation, and sense of smell. |
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Term
| The sudden change in membrane potential that occurs with activity is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the neuron that receives stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
A myelinated axon conducts a nerve impulse faster. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cranial nerve X is also known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| This part of the brain governs intelligence and learning. |
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Definition
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Term
| An imbalance of what minerals can affect nerve function? |
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Definition
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Term
| This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that support neurons structurally and functionally, found in the central nervous system are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the nervous system that controls conscious or voluntary movement functions. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
Efferent nerves carry nerve impulses to the Central Nervous System. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
On a non-myelinated axon depolarization takes place at the Nodes of Ranvier. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
Neurotransmitters are hormones that get released into the synaptic cleft. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F
The ventral horn of the spinal cord is where sensory nerve impulses enter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the common reflexes often assesed in practice. |
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Definition
| Pupillary light reflex (PLR) and the palpebral reflex. |
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Term
| If ADH is absent urine volume _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of filtration occurs where in the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| The urinary tract is lined with this type of cell. |
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Definition
| Transitional epithelial cells. |
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Term
| Which hormone causes reabsorption of sodium in the convoluted tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once fluid leaves the renal corpuscle and enters the PCT it becomes what type of fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic functional unit of the kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which kidney is more cranial? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three mechanisms by which the kidneys carry out waste elimination. |
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Definition
| Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. |
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Term
| Ruminants gain much of their energy from a product produced by microbes during fermentation. What is the product? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bile acids are important in the digestion of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Dental formula for an adult canine. |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell is responsible for the production and secretion of hydrochloric acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the following proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase) produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| The wave of contractions that moves food down the GI tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three sections of the small intestine from cranial to caudal: |
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Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. |
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Term
| What abdominal organ is absent in the horse and rat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the functions of the liver. |
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Definition
| Produces bile, metabolizes drugs and toxins, Produces proteins, stores glucose, metabolizes fat into energy, and stores vitamins. |
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Term
| The neurohypophysis is also known as the: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gland has both exocrine and endocrine functions: |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce the hormone ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| This hormone is also known as somatotrophin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypoadrenocorticism is commonly referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The gland that is known as the master endocrine gland. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| An offspring is genetically male if an _____ spermatozoon fertilizes the ovum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fertilization usually take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to animals that cycle continuously throughout the year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Testosterone is produced by _________________ in the male. |
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Definition
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Term
| During an ovariohysterectomy, which ligaments are divided or cut to allow removal of the reproductive tract? |
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Definition
| Suspensory ligament, round ligament, and the broad ligament. |
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Term
| Spermatogenesis takes place in the ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the accesory reproductive glands of the stallion. |
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Definition
| The prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles. |
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Term
| Identify the accessory reproductive glands of the canine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three layers of the uterus. |
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Definition
| Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. |
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Term
| Name the five stages of estrous. |
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Definition
| Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, and anestrus. |
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Term
| Describe what occurs to the ovary and hormone levels when an animal becomes pregnant. |
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Definition
| The corpus luteum produces progesterone to help maintain pregnancy. |
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