Term
| What do mineral deficiencies/imbalances affect |
|
Definition
-biochemical & physyiological processes
-perforance
-disease resistance
-reproduction |
|
|
Term
Match the mineral deficiency with the associated effect on reproduction
Calcium
Phosphorous
Selenium
Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Cobalt
Growth reduction
Delayed teste growth
Milk fever
Retained placenta
Delayed Puberty
Decreased milk production
Decreased appetite
Poor conception rates |
|
Definition
Milk fever
Poor conception rates
Retained placenta
Delayed puberty
Delay teste growth
Decreased milk production
Depressed appetite
Growth reduction |
|
|
Term
| What determines mineral requirements? |
|
Definition
metabolic requirements
endogenous losses
efficiency of absorption |
|
|
Term
| What determines bioavailability? |
|
Definition
| form of the mineral, how much can be absorbed after microbial interactions, mineral interactions etc |
|
|
Term
| First thing affected in a trace mineral deficiency? Second? Third? |
|
Definition
immune system
fertility
growth |
|
|
Term
| Ontario forages are often deficient in ___ (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ in excess can cause Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. legumes and grasses are comparable in terms of mineral levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors affect mineral levels in forages? |
|
Definition
-plant species
-soil fertility
-soil pH
-stage of maturity |
|
|
Term
| Late in the season, plants will be (higher/lower) in mineral content |
|
Definition
lower
-leaves lost
-dilution effect (more stem vs leaf) |
|
|
Term
| What plant factor might reduce Ca availability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High amounts of ____ can decrease Ca absorption, while ___ can increase it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, which are greater in Ca, forages or grains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which byproduct is high in P, and would influence what Ca supplement to choose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some functions of calcium |
|
Definition
bone/teeth formation
blood clotting
nervous system
muscular contraction
hormone secretion
milk production |
|
|
Term
| Milk fever is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is milk fever? What are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
calcium depletion means that there isn't enough Ca2+ to stimulate acetycholine at presynaptic cleft. sarcolemma can't depolarize
-muscle spasms
-paralysis
-unconsciousness |
|
|
Term
| The most prevalent mineral deficiency in the world, and referred to as the master mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of phosphorous deficiency |
|
Definition
decreased ADG, poor F:G
reproductive impacts
brittle bones |
|
|
Term
| If P is present in the diet in excess, what happens? |
|
Definition
-decreases Ca absorption
-bone resorption (body will try to balance Ca:P in blood)
-urinary calculi (mineral stones in kidney/bladder) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone regulates bone resorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bone & teeth formation
cell membrane structure
nucleic acid production
regulating blood pH
enzyme activation (phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| Is P supplementation often necessary> |
|
Definition
| if feeding a source of corn, no |
|
|
Term
True or False
Mineral requirements will increase significantly once a cow begins lactating |
|
Definition
false
EXCEPT Mb, Mn, K, Na |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is magnesium absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What limits magnesium absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concern with high levels of N fertilization? |
|
Definition
| will mean high levels of N, P, K in forages, which are antagonists and inhibit Mg absorption |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
excitability
convulsions / muscular tetany
grass tetany
excess salivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low blood magnesium due to lush forages rich in N & K, inhibits Mg bioavailablity |
|
|
Term
| Which mineral requires a constant dietary supply? |
|
Definition
| magnesium (there are no body stores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium is found in high levels in ____ but low in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-degreased ADG & F:G
-pic (eating abnormal things eg wood)
-muscular weakness (Na/K pump) |
|
|
Term
| What is the link between stress, grain and potassium? |
|
Definition
stress = diarrhea = dehydration = potassium loss
e.g. cattle go to feedlot (stressful). get put on grain (low in K). can lead to muscle weakness, poor ADG etc |
|
|
Term
| Which B vitamins contain S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which major hormone contains S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rumen microbes use dietary ___ to synthesis the AAs ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is polioencephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
| functional thiamin deficiency due to high levels of sulfur, which disrupts metabolism of thiamin & increases production of thiaminase in the rumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cofactor in enzyme systems
-REQUIRED FOR FE ABSORPTION
connective tissue metabolism
immune function |
|
|
Term
| If iron is adequate in the diet but cattle are still anemic, what might the issue be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is required for melanin synthesis. So a deficiency may lead to depigmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most likely cause of copper deficiency? |
|
Definition
excess S in the diet
-microbes convert S to sulfide
-sulfide reacts with Mo -> thiomolybdate
-thiomolybdate reacts with Cu -> CuMoSO4, Cu is no longer bioavailable |
|
|
Term
| Copper & ___ share the same pathways for absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 is essential for what? |
|
Definition
| producing the enzyme required to convert propionate to succinate for glucose production |
|
|
Term
| Best sources of cobalt and iodine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Co deficiency more of a concern for younger or older cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for B12 synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodine deficiency leads to... |
|
Definition
lack of T3 & T4 hormones
-impact metabolism of CHO, lipids, proteins |
|
|
Term
What is in each of the following salts?
white
brown
red
blue |
|
Definition
white - NaCl
brown - trace mineral
red - iodized salt
blue - co iodized salt |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a selenium deficiency? |
|
Definition
white muscle disease (degen of skeletal/cardiac muscles)
reproductive failure
retained placenta |
|
|
Term
| Selenium is important for what vitamin? What does it do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
There is a very narrow window of error for selenium deficiency and toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Sodium often needs to be supplemented |
|
Definition
| true but it's cheap & easy to do |
|
|
Term
| What is the concern with free-choice salt supplementation? |
|
Definition
| cattle may eat more than they need which will cause rapid rate of passage through GIT, sub-optimal digestion/absorption |
|
|
Term
| Ways in which minerals can be supplemented |
|
Definition
Water
Drenching
Injections
Boluses
Blocks/licks
Loose-fed |
|
|
Term
| If supplementing grazing animals by providing a lick wheel or loose supplement, what is important to consider? |
|
Definition
location, should put near water so everybody sees it/is close to it once a day
-some animals may take more than they need, some may not ever touch it |
|
|
Term
| Information Needed for Formulating a Mineral Supplement (5) |
|
Definition
-requirements of animal
-bioavailability of the mineral source
-DMI
-dietary concentration of the mineral & its antagonists
-production factors (management, environmental conditions) |
|
|
Term
| Formulation of a Free Choice Mineral Supplement (5) |
|
Definition
6-8% P (higher if feeding low-qual mature forages)
2:1 Ca/P
50% of reqs for Co/Cu/I/Mn/Zn
add Mg/K/S/Se/Fe if needed
add salt |
|
|
Term
| If feeding weathered or mature forages, you should supplement... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If feeding lots of non-protein N, you should supplement.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If cattle are at risk of tetany you should supplement... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A good free choice mineral supplement should be... (4) |
|
Definition
-from highbioavailable sources
-avoid antagonist/toxic sources
-palatable
-uniform particle size |
|
|
Term
| What might cause variable intake of mineral supplements? |
|
Definition
-changing species & maturity of pasture over the season
-palatability
-individual requirements |
|
|
Term
| Aside from adding molasses, another way to increase mineral palatability is to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems With Mineral Supplementation |
|
Definition
-don't know animals requirements
-inaccurate ingredient analysis
-poorly formulated supplements
-supplement not formulated on a regional basis
-producers don't follow recommendations
-producers dont make supplement readily available |
|
|
Term
| Mineral challenges with feeding wheat middlings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral challenges with feeding corn gluten feed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineral challenges with feeding DDGS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chelated minerals? |
|
Definition
| mineral bound to an organic molecule, so that it has a neutral charge and will have a significant increase in absorption & matabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic compounds that do not provide energy or are not used as building blocks for the body but are required for normal growth and maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Which fat soluble vitamins rely on dietary inclusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A greener forage likely has less __ and more __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sweet clover disease? |
|
Definition
sweet clover leads to production of dicumarol, which limits prothrombin -> thrombin. Prevents blood clotting.
need to supplement Vit K to overcome this |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting vitamin requirements |
|
Definition
Dietary ingredients
-what is present in them
Storage conditions
-prolonged storage or poor conditions reduce activity/presence of Vit
Animal requirements
-young vs old, stressed |
|
|
Term
| A forage-finished carcass has a more yellowish fat color bc of |
|
Definition
Vit A
(less Vit A = more white) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only grain with beta carotene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta carotene from forages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rhodopsin for good vision
-epithelial cell maintenane/growth
-bone growth
-reproductive function |
|
|
Term
| Calves have low ___ stores at birth so injections are neccessary if colostrum is lacking in it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for vit A in cattle (5) |
|
Definition
-low [%] in feedstuffs
-feed exposed to sunlight/air/high temperatures/stored long time (oxidation)
-stressed / young animals
-nitrates present which decrease Vit A activity
-inhibitors of beta carotene -> Vit A conversoin |
|
|
Term
| Why would stressed young calves need additional Vit A? |
|
Definition
| low storage levels in the liver when they are young, high requirements for growth, low DM intake (wont get much from forage) |
|
|
Term
| What organs are required to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brown forages are (higher/lower) in Vit D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Vit D important for? Deficiency leads to... |
|
Definition
regulating Ca/P metabolism
(rickets & osteomalacia result if deficient) |
|
|
Term
| The main source of Vit E is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the role of Vit E? |
|
Definition
| Antioxidant -prevents free radicals from oxidizing cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the first and second lines of defense against oxidation of PUFAs? |
|
Definition
1st: Vitamin E
2nd: Selenium |
|
|
Term
| How does Se prevent oxidation? |
|
Definition
| functions as part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase which reduces peroxides in the cytosol |
|
|
Term
True or False
Vit E is often stored in large quantities in the body, so supplementation is rarely required |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk Factors for Vitamin E Deficiency |
|
Definition
-high grain diet with little roughage
-low Se in diet (increases E requirements)
-feed stored long time/high temps
-nitrates presence (oxidizes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the link between lactic acidosis and B vitamins? |
|
Definition
| lactic acidosis results in abnormal microbial fermentation, increased production of thiaminases |
|
|
Term
| Important B vitamins & why |
|
Definition
Thiamin
-high S in diet leads to thiamin breakdown
Niacin
-alleviates ketosis problems & improves protein synthesis / F:G |
|
|
Term
| What is the link between Vit E & meat quality? |
|
Definition
| -prevents converstion of myoglobin to metbyoglobin from happening so quickly, so meat stays red instead of brown for longer |
|
|
Term
| What is the link between Vit D & meat quality? Why don't we use it? |
|
Definition
improves tenderness
-supplies more Ca to calpains which break down muscle proteins to make meat more tender
-causes liver stores to be so high they're toxic, making the liver inedible so not practical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Over illness due to consumption of lots of readily fermentable CHO
-causes excess production of VGA, lactic acid
-rumen pH drops below 5.5 |
|
|
Term
| Why is acidosis a problem? |
|
Definition
-acids get absorbed into bloodstream
-leads to laminitis/founder, ruminal lesions, death
-damaged rumen wall can permanently affect ADG, F:G
-liver abcesses |
|
|
Term
| What pH is associated with acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is subacute acidosis? What pH is the benchmark? |
|
Definition
-decreased feed intake, lower ADG & poor F:G without any obvious signs of illness
pH 5.3-5.6
-this pH causes rumen to stop contracting properly to mix feed & optimize function |
|
|
Term
| What is the process that leads to acidosis? |
|
Definition
High starch intake
-leads to lots of glucose in the rumen
-increases lactic acid producing bacteria
-high amounts of LA produced
-lactate utilizers are affected by low pH, producers are not
-lactate production exceeds use
-coliform bacteria develop leading to laminitis |
|
|
Term
| How does VFAa absorption change with acidosis? |
|
Definition
-too many VFAs may exceed ability of rumen wall to metabolize them
-passive diffusion into blood, overwhelms bicarbonate buffering system
-high rumen osmolality draws water out of blood into rumen
-rumen epithelium damaged, laminitis, death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-low levels of roughage
-inadequate particle size
(too large cattle avoid eating it, too small = less rumination chewing)
-storm/heat/bunks reduce normal feed consumption patterns |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent acidosis? |
|
Definition
-properly adjust to a high grain diet
-proper bunk management to prevent gorging
-monensin to stabilize feed intake
-selective inhibition of LA producers
-add lactate-using bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria causes lactic acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Frothy
-production of a stable foam
Free gas
-physical obstruction/damage to esophagus due to chronic acidosis prevents gas from escaping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of gas causes rumen to put pressure on diaphragm & heart, restricts lung function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-foam covers cardia preventing eructation
-mucus slime produced by strep bovis which increases rumen fluid viscosity
-results in production of stable foam |
|
|
Term
| Who do ionophores reduce risk of bloat? |
|
Definition
| prevent thriving of gram+ bacteria such as strep bovis |
|
|
Term
| What is frothy/pasture bloat? |
|
Definition
| -rapid fermentation of forage & high concenrtations of soluble protein in alfalfa or winter wheat leads to production of gas which gets trapped in stable foam |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent frothy bloat? |
|
Definition
-don't put hungry cattle on legume-rich pastures
-feed poloxlene (anti-foaming agent)
-feed monensin (changes microb population)
-bloat-safe legumes which contain tannins (decrease protein breakdown) |
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|
