Term
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Definition
| being around others increases physiological arousal, and improves performance on simple, well-mastered tasks while hurting performance on complex tasks |
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Term
| social facilitation research |
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Definition
| bicycling alone vs. with others, fishing reel speed alone vs. with others, pool players performance: good ones got better, bad ones got worse |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of personal identity in a group setting, resulting in actions that if alone would conflict with personal values. |
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Term
| influence of dynamical processes on group norms |
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Definition
| dynamical processes cause individuals to tend to be influenced by and adopt group norms. many of these processes can now be calculated on computers |
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Term
| real groups characteristics |
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Definition
| group identity, interdependence, group structure |
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Term
| group structure characteristics |
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Definition
| injunctive norms, status hierarchy, roles, communication network, cohesiveness |
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Term
| additive task (group size) |
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Definition
| each member performs same activities, output is sum of all contributions. large group preferable |
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Term
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Definition
| group product is selected only from most successful member. |
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Term
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Definition
| group success depends on the success of every member |
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Term
| function of ethnically diverse groups over time |
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Definition
| start out less productive than non-diverse groups, but with time, opportunity, motivation, correct management, can become just as productive if not more |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of individual group members and a communication network to facilitate that knowledge to rest of group |
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Term
| situational factors in turning to groups for information |
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Definition
| uncertain circumstances, social comparison |
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Term
| factors leading to group polarization |
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Definition
| desire to be accurate pushes us toward majority, desire to gain social approval, desire to gain and maintain status, discussion between members with like opinions likely to lead members to hear more arguments supporting position |
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Term
| when will numerical minorities influence opinion |
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Definition
| they hold steadily their views, they once held the majority position, theyre willing to compromise a bit, they have some support from others, present views as compatible with majority just ahead of the curve, and when the audience wants to make an accurate decision |
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Term
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Definition
| members are more concerned with getting along with others than with objectively making the best decision, or members feel strong pressure to reach consensus |
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Term
| person factors of leaders |
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Definition
| need for power, need for achievement, more connections |
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Term
| situational factors of leaders |
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Definition
| chosen based on group needs |
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Term
| success vs. failure of leaders |
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Definition
| depends on task and personal orientation, gender can influence success in certain tasks (drill sergeant) |
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Term
| characteristics of transformational leaders |
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Definition
| charisma, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, individual consideration |
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Term
| are there sex differences in leadership? |
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Definition
| not on average, only in task specific tasks. research shows no difference in effects of male vs. female leaders on average |
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Term
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Definition
| individual benefits from selfishness unless everyone is selfish, then everyone loses. |
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Term
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Definition
| pollution, overpopulation |
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Term
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Definition
| sheep on common pasture, social dilemma in that each farmer could benefit from grazing more than one animal, but if everyone did this the pasture would be ruined. shows problem with laissez faire view: with no ownership, a resource will be taken advantage of. |
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Term
| replenishing resource management dilemma |
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Definition
| alaskan fisherman research: common resource can be used by all in moderation and will replenish, benefits individuals to not use in moderation, but if everyone does this, resource will not replenish. also research on classroom extra credit |
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Term
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Definition
| everyone can benefit if some of individuals contribute to common good, but if enough others contribute, individuals can benefit from "free riding" |
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Term
| interconnection between social problems |
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Definition
| overpopulation leads to dwindled natural resources, with leads to economic downfall, leads to political and military conflict. short term solutions to these problems makes them worse |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more events are examined for linkages over time. i.e. japanese openness to foreign ideas and significant japanese accomplishments. Openness shown to result in more significant accomplishments 2 generations after openness. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals drawn to immediate rewards that later prove to have unpleasant or lethal consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| hidden costs, costs that will not show up for many years, sliding reinforcers (small scale will not be detrimental, but large scale is) |
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Term
| different value orientations |
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Definition
| altruist (for others), cooperator (together), individualist (for self), competitor (against others) |
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Term
| platt's suggestion for breaking out of social traps |
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Definition
| use alternative technologies to change future costs, move future costs into present, add immediate punishments for undesirable behavior, reinforce more desirable alternatives |
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Term
| influence of injunctive and descriptive norms on social traps |
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Definition
| descriptive norms increase likelihood of cooperation, injunctive norms: commitments, reciprocity, fairness, social responsibility |
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Term
| environmental interventions and internal motivations |
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Definition
| command and control: activates fear through punishment. market based: activates greed through reward. voluntarist: activates norm of social responsibility through world benefit |
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Term
| social dominance orientation |
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Definition
| level of desire that ones own group dominate other groups. higher levels means one is more favorable of conflict with others, war |
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Term
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Definition
| favor strong military, hostile to foreigners, prone to feeling threatened |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking about things with low integrative complexity, especially prevalent during wartimes |
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Term
| threats and intergroup conflict |
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Definition
| if we compete with other groups for resources, or they are a threat to our resources in any way, then we have a generally lower opinion of them and we are more prone to engage in conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which individual engages in simple black and white thinking vs. acknowledgement of all sides of an issue |
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Term
| Kimmel's levels of cultural awareness (in negotiation) |
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Definition
| cultural chauvinism, ethnocentrism, tolerance, minimization, understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| cooperation with cooperation, competitiveness with competitiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| ingroup favorability and outgroup bias, tendency to think that own group would cooperate but other group will not. |
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Term
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Definition
| graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction. publicly challenges opponent to match deescalations |
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Term
| major theoretical perspectives |
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Definition
| evolutionary, sociocultural, social learning, social cognitive |
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Term
| connections between different perspectives |
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Definition
| evolutionary factors effect which socioocultural choices are accepted (i.e. norms) while sociocultural factors effect success of different evolutionary factors |
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Term
| gender differences in social behavior |
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Definition
| different interpretations based on stereotypes. stereotypes based on facts. rooted in ultimate, evolutionary gender differences |
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Term
| central point of social dysfunction |
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Definition
| disordered social behavior is usually a result of normal psychological mechanisms, and knowing normal psychological mechanisms can lead us to understand the function of apparently disordered behavior |
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Term
| take home conclusions about focus on methods |
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Definition
| look for descriptions to accompany explanations, watch for confounds, don't trust everything people say, ask for converging evidence |
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Term
| trends of future social psych |
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Definition
| integration of science of the mind and social behavior, work on dynamical processes, solve overpopulation and pollution |
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