Term
| Which of the following can diffuse through a cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amino acid sequence of a protein is referred to as its |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| primary active transport is directly involved in moving which of the following |
|
Definition
| co2 out of the lumen of the nephron |
|
|
Term
| where is the majority of water reabsorbed in the nephron |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| where is salt (NaCl) but not water reabsorbed in the nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is water reabsorption in the nephron regulated by hormones and aquaporins |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubule/collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| which hormone regulates the reabsorption of potassium in the nephron |
|
Definition
| none of the above (aldosterone, anitdiuretic hormone, corticosteroids, na/k transportase) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following contributes significantly to the hypertonicity of the renal medulla which in turn is important in water reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| both a and b (na+ and urea) |
|
|
Term
| the capillary system within Bowman's capsule where blood is filtered is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| shuttles are very important in moving molecules across membranes. a shuttle converts a molecule that cannot diffuse through a membrane into a compound that can. The original molecule is then regenerated on the other side of the membrane. Which of the following is an enzyme that plays an important role in a shuttle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does an action potential originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A positive ion found inside and outside a nerve cell has an ion equilibrium potential of 0. If all channels of an axonal membrane are open at the resting membrane potential, which direction will this ion move? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which channels are most important in causing depolarization? |
|
Definition
| voltage gated na+ channels |
|
|
Term
| which of the following produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a drug that specifically inhibited slow ca++ channels would primarily affect which of the following? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following will cause the greatest increase in the rate of action potential propagation along an axon |
|
Definition
| increased amount of myelination (and increased diameter) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are characteristic of a nicotinic receptor |
|
Definition
| its found at the motor end plate |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is an example of 'referred pain' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is the neurotransmitter specifically involved in sensing pain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is an important function of the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| controls fight or flight response |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about the nervous and endocrine systems? |
|
Definition
| the response time is faster for the nervous system |
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|
Term
| All the following are true about peptide hormones except |
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Definition
| they enter the sell and bind DNA-- (they do typically act faster than steroid hormones, are often released in an inactive state, and are the most common type of hormone in the anterior pituitary) |
|
|
Term
| high concentrations of testosterone in males causes the development of female tissue. this effect of testosterone is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the MHC complex is involved in |
|
Definition
| recognition of self vs. non-self by the immune system |
|
|
Term
| LH causes an increased amount of estrogen to be produces in the ovary which, in turn, causes an increasing amount of LH to be released from the pituitary. This is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is not a steroid hormone |
|
Definition
| FSH or adrenaline(steroids often end in en/one) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following does not contribute significantly to type II diabetes? |
|
Definition
| autoimmune destruction of beta cells of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| all of the following are true about insulin except |
|
Definition
| it causes increased breakdown of glycogen and triglyceride |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about the innate immune response? |
|
Definition
| the response is to general rather than specific feature of pathogens |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are phagocytotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following produced antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cells must directly contact a pathogen to kill it? |
|
Definition
| a and c (t-cell and macrophage) |
|
|
Term
| all of the following are involved in inflammation except |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following in not an autoimmune disease |
|
Definition
| ALS (amyptropic lateral sclerosis) |
|
|
Term
| which proteins are found in thin filaments |
|
Definition
| actin, troponin, tropomyosin (all of the above) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following binds Na+ ions to initiate muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excitation-contraction coupling involved all of the following except |
|
Definition
| twitch summation or pacemaker cells (does : t-tubule, action potential, terminal cisternae, ca++) |
|
|
Term
| which of the following occurs fastest? |
|
Definition
| typical action potential in a neuronal axon |
|
|
Term
| which of the following will cause the greatest increase in the force of whole-muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| increasing the number of motor units recruited |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about moderate intensity exercise? |
|
Definition
| it occurs at 50% aerobic capacity and at the lactate threshold (b and c) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the number of sarcomeres and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle can be stretched the greatest but still contract efficiently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement is necessary for |
|
Definition
| destruction of a pathogen by the immune system |
|
|
Term
| which parts of the heart are parts of the systemic circulation |
|
Definition
| right atrium, left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of the first heart sound |
|
Definition
| closing of the atrial venticular valves |
|
|
Term
| which ion channels are important in the spontaneous depolarization the threshold of pacemaker calls of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cardiac action potential passes from the apex of the ventricles back up through the ventricles through modified myocardial cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which wave on an EKG is due to depolarization of the atria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following are important components of inhibition of heart rate |
|
Definition
| vagus nerve, parasympathetic nervous system, and muscarinic receptor |
|
|
Term
| starings law of heart relates |
|
Definition
| force of contraction and end-diastolic volume |
|
|
Term
| congestive heart failure of the left ventricle |
|
Definition
| is treated with digitalis and results in pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the form of bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| your are reading an article about a new enzyme in sarcosome of a cell, this must be in what type of cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following disorders are restrictive (due to decrease in vital capacity) |
|
Definition
| emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is most important in inspiration |
|
Definition
| contraction of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are true about hemoglobin |
|
Definition
| it is composed of 4 subunits. each bind an oxygen, and it binds carbon monoxide more tightly than oxygen |
|
|
Term
| a right-shifted oxygen dissociation curve |
|
Definition
| is found in adult hemoglobin in the presence of lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are involved in the control of ventilation |
|
Definition
| all of the above : rhythm of breathing is controlled by pacemaker cells in medulla, peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies, chemoreceptors in the medulla |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are important in causing increased breathing during exercise |
|
Definition
| sensory nerves in muscles |
|
|
Term
| the nodes of ranvier plan an important role in |
|
Definition
| conduction of the nerve impulse |
|
|
Term
| the movement of glucose into the cell by facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| involves the finding of an ion such as Na+ to the transporter |
|
|
Term
| which of the following plays an important role in regulation of pH in body fluids/tissues? |
|
Definition
| all of above: amount of bicarbonate reabsorped, amount of H+ secreted, rate of ventilation |
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary network that surrounds nephron and helps maintain the high osmolarity in the medulla of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormones regulate reabsorption of water or salt in the nephron |
|
Definition
| aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone |
|
|
Term
| water moves in and out of the nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| standard action potential is the axon of a neuron involves the movement of which of the following into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane potential from +50 to -70 is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has which component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor that determines whether an excitatory or inhibitory potential is produced in a postsynaptic neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormone is involved in the fight or flight response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main effect of glucagon |
|
Definition
| increases glucose level in the blood |
|
|
Term
| diabetes mellitus causes increased urine volume because |
|
Definition
| it increases tonicity of the urine |
|
|
Term
| which is true about the hormones of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is structural muscle proteins of the sarcomere as opposed to regulatory muscle proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the myofiber allows the AP to travel deep into the interior of the myofiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about slow twitch muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| metabolism is mainly oxidative and they contain a lot of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| high intensity exercise is fuels |
|
Definition
| primarily by carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved the oxidation of glucose and occurs in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the main most general function of the Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
| to produced reduced cofactors |
|
|
Term
| which id the only major artery that caries deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following if true about pacemaker cells in the heart |
|
Definition
| they are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, ther are regulated by the vagus nerve, they depolarize spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| cardiac action potential moves through the heart via |
|
Definition
| bundle of his and purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are true about the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
| all are incorrect (NOT- there is no blood in the ventricles before the artia contract, the right vent id thicker and contracts stronger, or blood is pumped out of the ventricles during the ventricule diastole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about cardiac arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| all: the most dangerous of these is ventricular fibrillation, they are often caused by ectopic pacemaker cells and they are diagnosed by aberrant patterns on ECG |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are true about cardiac output |
|
Definition
| it is increased by stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| which of the following contribute to venous return to the heart |
|
Definition
| all above: blood volume, skeletal muscle pump, contraction of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| accumulation of excess fluid in the body is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is true about cholesterol |
|
Definition
| all: it is an essential component of biological membranes, is it the precursor of steroid sex hormones, it is call bad cholesterol when bound to low density lipoproteins not high density |
|
|
Term
| relative to normal hemoglobin a right shifted oxygen dissociation curve is observed in |
|
Definition
| normal hemoglobin in the presence of elevated co2 concentration |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are required conditions for natural selection to operated |
|
Definition
| exsistance of different phenotypes that are inherited |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are true about the evolution of lactose tolerance in humans |
|
Definition
| first evolved in northern europe |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is/are thought to result from parent-offspring conflict |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is bicarbonate reabsorped in the nephron |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are true about aldosterone |
|
Definition
| it regulates salt reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are characteristics of hypovolemic shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following are physiological responses to correct blood acidosis |
|
Definition
| increased expiration of CO2 and increased secretion of h+ |
|
|
Term
| which of the following passes through the cell membrane by secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| glucose out of the lumen of the nephron and into the nephron cell |
|
|
Term
| all of the following cells can have an action potential except |
|
Definition
| none-- all neuron, skeletal, and cardiac muscles can |
|
|
Term
| ion eq. potential at +50 which direction will positive ion move |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which channel is most important with respect to causing a sustained action potential in the heat muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following produces an excitatory postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is important in physiological mechanisms of homeostasis |
|
Definition
| negative feedback and antagonistic paired processes |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are characteristics of a muscarinic receptor |
|
Definition
| all: it is hyperpolarizing, it is found in the vagus nerve, it is inhibitory, and it operates via a G-protein |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about edema |
|
Definition
| all: it often occurs due to congestive heart failure, drugs to combat it are diuretics and the most potent drugs inhibit reabsorption of Na+ |
|
|
Term
| which of the following are important functions of the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| inhibits heart rate and controls parastalsis in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is the end result of beta oxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following if an important difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle cells of the atria or ventricles are joined by gap junctions while cells of skeletal muscles are not |
|
|
Term
| which of the following directly causes lysis and destruction of an invading bacterial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following components of the inflammatory response is produce in mast cells and increases permeability of blood cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is true about steroid hormones |
|
Definition
| they center the cell and bind to DNA |
|
|
Term
| WHich of the following is true about the Cori Cycle |
|
Definition
| it regenerates glucose from lactic acid produced in skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Which proteins are found in the think filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following binds ca++ to initiate crossbridge formation in muscle cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is the key intermediate which links carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and which occurs in the mitochondrion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following if true about passive immunity |
|
Definition
| all: no immunologial memory is involved, the person exhibiting immunity does not produce antibodies, immunity is short term |
|
|
Term
| which of the following is characteristic of diabetes mellitus not insipidtus |
|
Definition
| elevated glucose level in urine |
|
|
Term
| a left shifted oxygen dissociation curve |
|
Definition
| is found in fetal hemoglobin relative to adult hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| carbonic anhydrase is important in which of the following |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of bicarb and production of bicarb in red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| injection of large amount of testosterone : |
|
Definition
| all: pharmacological effect, caused by conversion of testosterone into estrogen by aromatase and is caused by neg feedback of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Penicillin is transporsted into the lumen of the nephrone in the proximate convoluted this process is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following is important autrocrine/paracrine regulators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main cause of cyctic fibrosis is a malfunctioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The typical response of the kidney to tissue alkalosis |
|
Definition
| decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| which cell produces the myelin sheath of an axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is always less than the GFR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell, are an example of active transport and are elcetrogenic |
|
|
Term
| when coltage across the membrane of a neuron becomes positive, this is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
