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| definition of politics and political geography |
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Definition
| social/cultural rules and institutions for the control and administration of people and resources (includes land). two main concepts: territory and politics. |
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| territorialization of Earth's surface. practiced by all humans. attempt by humans to identify with, control, claim, administrate their land/water. |
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| invented (and actual) countries exist mostly in the minds of its citizens. must get others to recognize it and its legitimacy (you are a country if others recognize you as one). Disputes over territory are main/only cause of war. |
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| territorial control of Antarctica |
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| Prince Roy took over an abandoned WWII bunker. 6 miles off the coast of England, population of about 5 people. outside of british national water. |
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| how voting patterns are related to demographic patterns in a particular region or space. |
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| electoral districts are types of administrative regions. who does this elected official represent? who gets to vote for them? |
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| when population changes, must change districts aka redistricting. changes size, shape, location. way of redistricting makes big difference. |
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| a type of redistricting done intentionally to try to control the outcome of an election (like salamander). 1812: Elbridge Gerry signed into law a redistricting plan, gave majority to self. highly irregular shaped voting districts. CA has highly gerrymandered districts (Lois Capps- dems have gerrymandered, texas has republican gerrymandering. |
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| ethnic/racial "majority-minority" districts |
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| racial gerrymandering. an attempt to ensure minority representation (usually african americans). an attempt to create majority-minority districts on the assumption that african americans will vote differently than non-african americans. |
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| compactness of electoral districts |
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| region is as close to rest of region as possible (most compact shape: circle). should naturally occur as a result of distance decay. compactness is good, but also need to "represent smaller-group minorities" so, conflicts w/ compactness sometimes. |
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| the effects of the location/spatial properties of a place on its political situation. |
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| state as administrative region |
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| same as a country. internationally recognized, under own sovereign control. about 200 in world right now. a bounded territory. |
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| nation as thematic region and as cognitive region |
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| nation: a group with a common ancestry, cultural identity. if they have land, can form a thematic region. (not synonymous with state/country). a group who self-identifies with a nation. common belief= cognitive. many nations do not have own territory. may have current/ cultural claim to a homeland. there are around 5000 nations. |
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| complete independence in self-government. complete power/rule over state. |
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| combinations of states and nations |
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| nation-state: "the idea"- all the people living there are of the same cultural background. boundaries of nation and state are same. (ex. japan, sweden). multinational state: many cultures in one state(ex. US). part-nation state: Arab nation- common cultural identity but live in multiple states (ex. Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, etc.). stateless nation: cultural identifying people with no state- live spread out all over. (ex. Kurdish- all over Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc. ) |
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| centripetal and centrifugal forces in political states |
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| multi-state (supranational) organizations |
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| two or more countries. ex: United Nations, European Unions, NATO |
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| designed mid 20th century. created after League of Nations failed (created by President Woodrow Wilson but US didn't join) |
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| use similar currencies (euro/pound). similar financial systems. |
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| internal administrative regions |
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| administrative regions smaller than those of entire countries. within countries, in provinces, states, counties, etc. school, sewage, electrical districts. mostly tracked through GIS. includes cadastral regions. |
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| private property and real estate parcel boundary lines. legal geography deals w/ border disputes. |
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| largest and smallest states |
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Definition
| largest: Russia, 6.6 million square miles. 11% of Earth's land surface. then Canada, China, USA with very similar land sizes, about 1/2 size of Russia. smallest countries: 1. Vatican City inside Rome ( .2 square miles, smaller than IV), 2. Monaco (6/10 sq. mi) and Nauru (island republic, 8 sq. mi.) |
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| characteristic state shapes |
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| elongated (Norway, Chile), compact (Zimbabwe), prorupt (Thailand, compact w/ tail) fragmented (Hawaii, Phillipines) perforated (South American with lethoro, country completely inside another). remoteness of some shapes make it inefficient to control/monitor and keep country together (fragmented or elongated). more compact maximizes chances of staying productive. relationship between physical shape and chances of being successful. |
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| no access to ocean, no seaports (sweden, paraguay). "geographically disadvantaged states" named by United Nations. |
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| cores and capitals of states |
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| IN TEXTBOOK. capital: head administrative region. frequently not most "important" region, or largest, or most popular. if in a major city, more expensive, hard to pay rent, parking. more efficient administration in a smaller city. spread of power. |
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| administrative boundaries (borders) |
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| can be made very precise. like 1 dimentional. in past, boundaries were thick, vague (borders = the extent of a country's ability to control its territory in past). borders are often contested. cause disputes, especially when resources are at stake, cultural/racial differences. |
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| natural (physical) vs. artificial (geometric) boundaries |
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| often correspond to natural features (natural/physical boundaries) like mountains,rivers. can also not follow natural borders- lines drawn by humans. also: rivers change, riverbed moves. if define border as edge of river & river moves, what happens? lose/gain land |
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| antecedent vs. subsequent boundaries |
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| consequent vs. superimposed subsequent boundaries |
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| countries extended out into sea. normally 3 mi. extended out into sea is country's territory (in past: how far cannons could be shot). UNCLOS |
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| United Nations Convention on Laws Of the Sea. 1982: created 3 maritime zones. territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and high seas. |
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| land underneath shallow water. still part of continent. |
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| 12 nautical miles out from ocean boundary. |
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| 24 additional nautical miles out to sea from territorial waters. |
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| exclusive economic zone (EEZ) |
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| 200 nautical miles out to sea. includes territorial sea and contiguous zone. |
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| high seas (international waters) |
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| past 200 miles out to see. no-man's-land. |
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| natural vs. anthropogenic (built) environment |
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| natural: unmodified/untouched by humans, as opposed to human made. anthropogenic: human made. |
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| aren't humans "natural"? can humans "make" nature? is nature good? humans vs. nature. |
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| geography and the natural environment |
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| specify natural environment vs. human environment. |
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| environmental determinism |
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| env--> culture. idea that the environment determines the nature of human culture. |
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| (autonomy) env<--culture. idea that cultures impact the natural world but cultures themselves are autonomous- only constraints are other humans, human body. |
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| culture-environment interationism |
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| env<--> culture. medium between other two terms/extremes. can't eat fish if don't live near water, if live in wet climate develop different types of agriculture. environmental possibleism/probablism instead of determinism. (resource/land use, appreciation of nature, tourism, deforestation, desertification, pollution) |
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| old form of geography. extreme vs. hazard events. |
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| extreme events vs. hazard events |
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| extreme: events of unusual magnitude. MAY OR MAY NOT be hazardous to people. hazard: an extreme event that IS hazardous to humans. |
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| physical magnitude vs. hazard magnitude |
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| Richter Scale for earthquakes- hazard meter in terms of how many people feel it and how much gets broken as well as physical. as human beings, we really care about hazard magnitude. |
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| classifying hazards as natural or anthropogenic |
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Definition
| no hazardous event is ever completely due to nature. ex. fire: lightning, arson. AIDS: caused by virus, spread by humans. hunger: governments & crops. humans always involved: start, spread, are threatened by factors, etc. so: not really anything that is truly, solely a natural hazard. same with blaming solely on human activity. |
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| meteorological, geomorphilogical, biological hazards. (includes geophysical: meteorological (blizzard, snow, fire, ice) and geomorphic ( erosion, avalanche, earthquake, and then biological: floral ( fungal, disease, weeds, athletes foot) and faunal ( malaria, rabies, termites, plague). |
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| types of anthropogenic hazards |
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Definition
| technological and social ( nuclear bombs, air pollution, deforestation, waste/dumps, climate change. |
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| cause of hazards in nature, society, and technology |
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| classifying hazards by space-time parameters |
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| frequency, duration, area/extent, speed of onset, spatial exertion, temporal space. |
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| pervasive-intensive continuum for hazards |
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| historical trends in hazard outcomes during 20th century |
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| more people living in hazardous areas, more economic development. loss of life due to hazards has declined because of better warning wywtems, evacuation plans, predictive models, storm drains. economic loss due to hazards has increased- rescue attempts, damage, loss of tourism, cost of prevention measures. |
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| hurricanes in the US since 1900 |
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| ON WEBSITE. top 10 deadliest before 1950, top 10 costliest after 1950. |
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| Santa Barbara earthquake of 1925 |
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| San Francisco earthquake of 1906 |
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| people's beliefs and attitudes about hazards- likelihood they will occur, consequences, preparation, expectation. |
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| risk perception vs. risk assessment |
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| perception: lay person's perception of risk. assessment: use of statistical data, computational models, reasons/backgrounds/tools that lay people do not have. often very big discordance between perception & assessment. ex: perception: riding in plane is more dangerous than car. not true. |
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| causes sub-optimal decision-making. tendency to discredit serious risks. don't take chance of hazards seriously. |
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| decision-making heuristics |
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| little rules of thumb that people have for decision-making at times of stress/not optimal thinking. for rapid decision making (tiger jumps out at you from a bush). |
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| if you have a personal experience with a hazard, have greater perception of risk (house burns down, more aware of fire danger). also: media pushed/influenced. |
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| the belief in the nonindependence of events that are actually independent. (pull slot machine, pays off person before you, you figure it won't pay out anymore. go to different machine). belief that events are based on previous events. (lightning never strikes twice). |
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| the desire to remain in one place, live in same house for long time, not move. caused by many factors. can't just pick up and move, even if living in hazard-prone area. ex: live by ocean: hazardous, but benefits: nice shops, climate. house burns down, rebuild in same spot. unwillingness to move. |
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| reciprocal interaction of humans and natural environment |
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| environments influence humans in good & bad ways. human beings are major cause of species extinction, but also protect them. |
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| resources and hazards reflect human needs and values |
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| humans effect environment, turn it into resources. humans<--> natural environment. |
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| biosphere: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere |
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| ozone in the upper and lower atmosphere |
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| water availability (figure 13.16) |
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