Term
| What are bones cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pass gas and nutrients into boney matrix |
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Term
| What are bone cells organized into? |
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Definition
| they are organized into osteons |
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Term
| what do bone cells begin their lives as? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do intramembraneous bones for? |
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Definition
| Develop directly from a soft connective tissue membrane |
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Term
| How do endochondral bones form? |
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Definition
| the derive from pre-existing cartilage |
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Term
| what are the 5 bones classifications |
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Definition
Long
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lengths and widths equal
ex. Tarsals and Carpals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe an irregular bone |
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Definition
variety of shapes connected to several bones
ex. Vertebral Column |
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Term
| What is the importance of the femur? |
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Definition
| its the longest and strongest bone |
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Term
| what are at the ends of the femur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is in between the ends of the femur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tough covering that forms and repairs bone tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two types of marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe yellow and red marrow? |
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Definition
yellow: stores fat
red: helps blood cell formation and binds with the pigment of hemoglobin |
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Term
| what are the four parts that make up the axial skeleton |
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Definition
1 skull
2 Hyoid
3 Vertebral Column
4 Thoracic cage |
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Term
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Definition
the brain case (cranium)
facial bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| describe vertebral column |
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Definition
| (backbone) sacrum; part of the pelvic and coccy; tail bone |
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Term
| describe the thoracic cage |
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Definition
| protects thoracic cavity; include all 12 pairs of ribs, sternum; breast bone where ribs attach anteriorly |
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Term
| what are the four parts that make up the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs |
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Term
| describe the pectoral girdle |
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Definition
| support and attach upper limbs; scapula and clavicle |
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Term
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Definition
| humerus, forearm, wrist, palm, finger |
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Term
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Definition
| two hip bones, sacrum, coccy |
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Term
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Definition
| thigh; femur, knee cap; patella, leg bones; tibia and fibula, ankle; tarsals, sole of foot; metatarsal, toes; phalanges |
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Term
| how many bones are in the skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many bones are cranial? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many bones are facial? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the cranial do? |
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Definition
| enclose and protect the brain |
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Term
| which cranial bone is wedged between several bones of the anterior skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cranial bone is in front of the sphenoid? |
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Definition
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Term
| which bones are on each side where the temples are located? |
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Definition
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Term
| which cranial bone is found right behind the temple? |
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Definition
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Term
| which bone forms the base of the cranium? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many facial bones are immovable? Movable? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the maxilla located? |
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Definition
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Term
| which bone forms the lower jaw? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which bone gets its name for being towards the feet |
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Definition
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Term
| which bones is horse show shaped? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin, rectangular; top of the nose |
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Term
| what are three types of joints? |
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Definition
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial |
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Term
| describe the fibrous joint |
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Definition
| lies between bone, in close contact, has limited movement |
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Term
| describe the cartilaginous joint |
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Definition
| hyaline cartilage separates vertebrae of column; limited movement |
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Term
| describe the synovial joint |
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Definition
| most common in free movement |
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Term
| what are the six synovial joints |
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Definition
ball and socket
condyloid
gliding
saddle
pivot
hinge |
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Term
| describe the ball and socket joint |
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Definition
bone with egg shaped head, joints with cup shaped ends; good movement
ex. shoulder, hips |
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Term
| describe the condyloid joint |
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Definition
metacarpals meet phalanges; no rotation movement
ex: metacarpals to phalanges |
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|
Term
| describe the gliding joint |
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Definition
nearly flat, sliding and twisting
ex: carpals and tarsals |
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Term
| describe the saddle joint |
|
Definition
two cups
ex: between metacarpals and carpals |
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Term
|
Definition
rotates within ring
ex: vertebral column |
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Term
|
Definition
one movement, convex part meets concave
ex: elbow, knee, and finger |
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Term
| what is the basal nuclei? |
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Definition
| the area of the brain that is responsible for body movement, coordination... masses of gray matter |
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Term
| what are some symptoms of parkinsons disease? |
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Definition
| basal nuclei becomes overactive, persistent tremor, slow to initiate movement |
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Term
| what are symptoms and causes of huntingtons disease? |
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Definition
| basal nuclei deteriorates; wild jerky, flappy movements. eventually leads to dementia |
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Term
| where is the thalamus and hypothalamus located? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 4 roles of the the thalamus? |
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Definition
sensory (all but olfactory)
motor
emotion/memory
vegetative |
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Term
| which sense does the thalamus not regulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the hypothalamus responsible for? |
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Definition
| heart rate, blood pressure, electrolytes |
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Term
| what is found int the epithalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is melatonin and what does it cause? Where is it found? |
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Definition
hormone induces sleep
found in epithalamus (pineal gland) |
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Term
| what is larger is children and gets smaller during puberty? |
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Definition
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|
Term
decipher whether its REM or SLOW WAVE
1.Restful
2. some areas of brain active
3. dreaming occurs
4. reduces blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the midbrain and where is it located? |
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Definition
| auditory and visual reflexes; above the pons, brainstem |
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Term
| whats do the pons regulate? where are they found? |
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Definition
| breathing; below midbrain, bulge on brainstem |
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Term
| what does the medulla oblongata? where is it located? |
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Definition
| controls coughing, sneezing, and vomiting; located in pons |
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Term
| what is the reticular formation? located? |
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Definition
| controls wakefulness, found on side of brainstem |
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Term
| what does the cerebellum integrate, coordinate, and maintain? |
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Definition
A. sensory info.
B. skeletal muscles
C. posture |
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Term
| what does the pituitary gland regulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| name and describe 2 ridges in the brain? |
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Definition
gyri (out) ridges
sulci (in) furrow |
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Term
| what part of the brain controls memory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| memory, emotions, planning actions and movement |
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Term
| list function of occipital |
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Definition
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Term
| list function of parietal |
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Definition
| auditory, orientation, and space |
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Term
| list function of temporal |
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Definition
| sound and spoken language |
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Term
| list two typed of aphasia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| motor speech; stuttering, silence |
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Term
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Definition
| comprehension of speech; word salad |
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Term
| what are three types of muscles? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe the two connective tissue coverings |
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Definition
fascia: separates skeletal muscle from adjacent muscle
aponeurosis: broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue that attach to muscle or bone |
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|
Term
| what do skeletal muscle fibers look like? |
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Definition
| thin, long cylinder, with rounded ends |
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Term
| what are myofibrils? what types of protein filaments make it up? |
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Definition
fibers and muscle cells that lay parallel to one another
myosin (thick)
actin (thin) |
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Term
| what are sacromeres? what 2 bands make it up |
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Definition
repeating patterns of striations
light bands and dark bands |
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|
Term
| what are skeletal muscle fibers connected to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe what myosin and actin look like |
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Definition
myosin: thick, two twisted protein strands with cross bridges
actin: thin, has binding sites where myosin cross bridges attach |
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|
Term
| what is ATPase? what does it do? |
|
Definition
an enzyme in myosin that breaks down ATP
release energy when you breaks a phosphate bond, make sure cross brings of myosin of cross bridges are in correct position |
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|
Term
| what is the process of a muscle contraction? |
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Definition
acetylcholine is released into motor neuron ends and diffuses rapidly
binds to protein receptor
Increases sodium ions
positive ions stimulate muscle impulse
calcium ions increase and binding sites are exposed
now actin and myosin combine |
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Term
| how do muscles relax? what happens to calcium? |
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Definition
| acetylcholinesterase is broken down, calcium decreases |
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Term
| what is the energy source of a contraction? how is it creates? |
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Definition
ATP
created by phosphate creatine |
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Term
| name and describe two oxygen sources? |
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Definition
hemoglobin: red blood cells combine with oxygen
myoglobin:muscle cells binds with oxygen |
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|
Term
| what causes the reddish brown color of skeletal tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes muscle fatigue? |
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Definition
| lactic acid build up and Ph lowers and muscle fibers no longer respond to sodium and calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| too much acetylcholine and calcium. too much sodium and not enough potassium |
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Term
| what do smooth muscle fibers look like? |
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Definition
| elongated with tapered ends organized randomly |
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Term
| describe a multi unit smooth muscle |
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Definition
| fibers in separate strands rather than sheets , found in iris and walls of blood cells |
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Term
| describe visceral smooth muscle |
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Definition
| spindle shaped cells, in close contact with one another, found in stomach, intestine, uterus, and bladder |
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Term
| what is peristalsis? what makes it possible? |
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Definition
| wavelike motion, transmission of impulses because cells are in close contact |
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Term
| what are the 2 neurotransmitters responsible for contraction of the smooth muscle> |
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Definition
| acetylcholine and nepinephrine |
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|
Term
| where is the cardiac muscle found |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why does the cardiac muscle contain extra calcium? |
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Definition
| for stronger and longer contractions |
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Term
| cite evidence about how the skeletal organizations are named |
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Definition
Axial: Everything else
Appendicular: upper and lower limbs; Appendages |
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Term
| What mechanisms do not require energy. How can they effectively work without energy? |
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Definition
Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration, diffusion
they can work effectively if its permeable to substance and concentration gradient exists |
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Term
| Compare the stages for mitosis. Where is this occurring in cell? |
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Definition
1. Prophase: centrosomes migrate to poles
2: Metaphase: Spindle fibers attach to centrosomes
3. Anaphase: Spindle fibers shorten
4. Telephase: Chromosomes separate into 2 identical groups
it occurs in cell |
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Term
| Compare Active transport to facilitated diffusion. Prove that both mechanisms are needed even though they serve similar purposes |
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Definition
| Active transport uses protein just like facilitated but Active is from low to high, and facilitated is high to low. Without both there is equilibrium is not maintained |
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Term
| compare passive and active mechanisms |
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Definition
Passive: doesn't need energy, hight to low, equilibrium
Both: movement through cell membrane
Active: Energy, low to high, goes against gradient, no equilibrium |
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Term
| What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts? why are they needed? |
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Definition
Osteoblasts: build bone
Osteoclasts: Tear down bone
they are needed to control homeostasis of the bone |
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Term
| Which active mechanisms allow muscles not to cramp? |
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Definition
| sodium/ potassium pumps; sodium increases so the muscle can flex but if sodium remains to long the muscle cramps this potassium comes into help to relieve the cramp |
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Term
| Structurally compare the 3 types of muscle. How does their structure directly influence their function? |
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Definition
Smooth: elongated ends, long, tapered
Skeletal: long rounded ends, randomly organized. (I and A bands, voluntary)
Cardiac: Contract in whole unit |
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|
Term
| List the 3 basic cell parts and their function |
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Definition
Cell membrane: Encloses the cell
Nucleus: houses genetic material
Cytoplasm: fills the cell |
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|
Term
| What makes up the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe 2 parts of phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
Head: phosphate, polar (water soluble)
Tail: lipids, nonpolar |
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Term
| What does selectively permeable mean considering the phospholipid bilayer and what are it characteristics? |
|
Definition
Proteins allow items to enter and leave
thin and, elastic, flexible |
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|
Term
| What is the gel like and has suspended organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid suspension in cytoplasm |
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|
Term
| What does the cytoskeleton do? |
|
Definition
| has protein rods to hold cell together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe rough ER and smooth |
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Definition
Rough: has attached ribosomes (makes proteins)
Smooth: no attached ribosomes (makes lipids) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attach to rough Er or floating in cytoplasm; made in the nucleus (protein synthesis) |
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Term
| Describe the Golgi Apparatus |
|
Definition
| " UPS" of the cell. Has 6 Flattened membranes. Packages and ships proteins |
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|
Term
| Describe the Mitochondria |
|
Definition
| "Edison" of the cell. Energy(ATP); inner layer folded, Cristae. Has its own DNA; resembles bacteria because it reproduces by dividing |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Garabage disposal" in the stomach enzymes that break down nutrients and foreign particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Catalyst". Contains enzymes to speed up reaction. Liver and kidney cells have abundant amount of them |
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Term
| Describe microfibris and microtubules |
|
Definition
| Protien rods of ctytoskeleton to hold cell together |
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|
Term
| Describe Centrosome and Centrioles |
|
Definition
| 2 hollow cylinders used durning mitosis to ensure proper cell division |
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|
Term
| Describe Cila and Flagella |
|
Definition
Cilia (hair): More abundant in cells and body
Ex: in uterus to move eggs in wave of motion
Flagella (tail): Less common, movement
ex: sperm cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| " UPS box"; Stores material (protein), membrane folds, pinches, bubble forms |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 movements through cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spread of high concentration to low (concentration gradient) |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 occasions where diffusion occurs |
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Definition
| If permeable to substance and concentration gradient exists |
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|
Term
| What will diffusion eventually reach |
|
Definition
| equilibrium (equal distribution) |
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|
Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion with the help of proteins for items too large (glucose, amino acids); Glucose combines with protein, protein changes shape, drops off glucose and returns to original shape |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does tissue fluid form? |
|
Definition
| H20 + small substances forced out through capillary walls but large particles (blood protein) left inside |
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|
Term
| What is the fluid accumulation with in tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does endocytosis travel? |
|
Definition
| exocytosis; enters through vesicle, exits through vesicle |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 types of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
Pinocytosis: "cell drinking"
Phagocytosis: "cell eating"
Ex: white blood cells attack bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what an example of exocytosis? |
|
Definition
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