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| justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions |
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| the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties |
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| a court that hears appeals of trial court decisions |
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| the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for criminal acts |
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| the one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case |
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| a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case in which the justice wishes to express his or her reasoning in the case |
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| the right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments |
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| judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions |
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| the power of the courts to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional. The Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison |
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| the sphere of a court's power and authority |
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| the requirement, articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, that persons under arrest must be informed prior to police interrogation of their rights to remain silent and to have the benefit of legal counsel |
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| a criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution |
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| the written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case |
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| the authority to initially consider a case. Distinguished from appellate jurisdiction, which is the authority to hear appeals from a lower court's decision |
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| the individual or organization who brings a complaint in court |
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| prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case |
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| the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, seeks the indication that senators from the candidate's own state support the nomination |
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| the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of their having a substantial stake in the outcome |
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| the highest court in a particular state or in the United States. This court primarily serves an appellate function |
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| a decision of at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court; from the Latin "to make more certain" |
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| a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. Habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion |
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