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Definition
| A naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline material with a unique chemical composition. |
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| What physical properties are used to identify minerals? |
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Definition
| luster,ability to transmit light, color, and streak |
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| The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. |
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| The color of a mineral in powered form. |
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| ____ are the most common group of minerals on the continents and _____ is the most common mineral |
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| What does the rock cycle describe? |
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Definition
| It helps us understand the origin of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and how they are connected. |
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| Attributes of igneous rocks |
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Definition
| A rock formed by crystallization of molten magma |
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| Attributes of metamorphic rocks |
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Definition
| Rocks formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids. |
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| Attributes of sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| Rock formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified. |
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| Texture of igneous rocks records |
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Definition
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| Texture of metamorphic rock can record |
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Definition
| history of stress and temeperature |
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| Most of what we understand about the Earth's history is recorded in ____ rocks. |
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Definition
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| Sedimentary rocks are economically very important such as |
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Definition
| coal, crude oil, natural gas, etc. |
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Definition
| The disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the Earth's surface. |
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| The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as wind, water, or ice. |
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| Water is the most important agent for what? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the quanitity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a period of time. |
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Definition
| The level below which a stream cannot erode. |
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| The land area that contributes water to a stream. |
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| Th total amount of sediment a stream is able to transport. |
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| A measure of the largest particle a stream can transport; a factor dependen on velocity. |
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| When streams approach base level, they begin to |
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Definition
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Definition
| a looplike bend in the course of a stream. |
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Definition
| The upper level of saturated zone of groundwater. |
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Definition
| the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. |
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Definition
| A measure of a material's ability to transmit water. |
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Definition
| Applied to any situation in which ground water rises in a well above the level where it was initially encountered. |
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Definition
| Rock or soil through which groundwater moves easily |
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Definition
| A topography consisting of numerous depressions called sinkholes |
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Term
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Definition
During Ice Age, the large quantities of water were withdrawn from the ocean and locked up in glaciers on land. Sea level dropped, and rivers flowing into the ocean began to downcut.
OR
Regional gradual uplift of the land, which made numerous meandering rivers adjust to higher base level by downcutting. |
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Definition
| Mass of ice that moves under its own weight and influence of gravity. |
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Definition
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| The current state of glaciers |
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Definition
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Term
| What could happen to Florida as glaciers melt? |
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Definition
| Florida could eventually become completely covered with water |
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Term
| What happened to North America when the last continental glaciers melted? Sea Level, Mississippi River |
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Definition
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Definition
| One of two types of dry climates; the driest of the dry climate |
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Term
| What happen in the Dust Bowl? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is continental drift? |
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Definition
| A theory that originally proposed that the continents are rafted about. It has essentially been replaced by the plate tectonics theory |
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Term
| What was the problem with this theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is seafloor spreading? |
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Definition
The process of producing new seafloor between two diverging plates.
What type of tectonic boundary does seafloor spreading describe?
Crests of oceanic ridge system |
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Term
| Theory of Tectonic Plates |
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Definition
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| Most geologic activity is associated with tectonic boundaries, why? |
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Definition
Convective flow in the mantle is the basic driving force of plate tectonics
-slab pull- occurs where cold, dense oceanic lithosphere is subducted and pulls the trailing lithosphere along
-ridge push- is a gravity driven force that results from the elevated position of the oceanic ridge |
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| Causes of Earthquakes and how earthquakes are measured |
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Definition
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Term
| Difference between magnitude and intensity |
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Definition
Magnitude- calculated from seismic records and estimates the amount of energy released at the source of an earthquake.
Intensity- a measure of the degree of ground shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. |
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Definition
| Fracture in rock where motion occurs when rock fails |
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Definition
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Definition
| A fold in sedimentary strata the resembles an arch |
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Definition
| A linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline |
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Definition
| A volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material. Violent volcano activity |
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Definition
| Are produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas and exhibit the shape of a broad slightly domed structure that resembles a warrior’s shield. |
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Definition
| A rather small volcano built primarily of pyroclastics ejected from a single vent |
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Definition
| An eruption in which lava is extruded from narrow fractures or cracks in the crust. |
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Definition
| Basaltic (least viscosity), Andesitic (Intermediate Viscosity), and Granitie (Greatest viscosity) |
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Term
| What changes magma viscosity? |
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Definition
| Composition, temperature, and dissolved gases |
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Term
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Definition
1. Emplacement of magma and related igneous structures
2. Crystallization of magma to form plutons. Erosion exposes some plutons.
3. Extensive uplift and erosion exposes batholiths |
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Term
| Unifromitarianism vs Catatrophism |
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Definition
Uniformitatianism- the concept that Earth was shaped by catatrophic events of a short-term nature.
-short history of earth/ fast
Catatriphism- the concept that the processes that have shaped Earth in the geologic past are essentially the same as those operating today.
-long history of Earth/ over long periods of time |
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Definition
| The division of Earth history into blocks of time, such as eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The time scale was created using relative dating. |
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Definition
| The procedure o f calculating the absolute ages of tocks and minerals that contain radioactive isotopes. |
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Definition
| Rocks placed in their proper sequence or order. Only the chronologic order of events is determined. |
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Definition
| The total amount of solid material dissolved in water. It’s expressed in parts per thousand. Average salinity is 3.5% or 35%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface mixed zone (2%), Transition Zone (18%), Deep Zone (80%) |
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Term
| Passive Continental margins- |
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Definition
| NOT associated with plate boundaries and experience little volcanism and few earthquakes |
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Term
| Active Continental Margins- |
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Definition
| Occur where oceanic lithosphere is being sub-ducted beneath the edge of a continent. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Terrigenous (derived from land)
2. Biogenous (derived from organisms)
3. Hydrogenous (derived from water) |
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Term
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Definition
Consist primarily of mineral grains that were weathered from continental rocks and transported to the ocean.
Larger particles settle rapidly near shore whereas small particles take years to settle and travel thousands of kilometers. |
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Term
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Definition
Sediment consists of shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae.
Produce mostly by microscopic organisms living in the sunlit waters near ocean surface
Once it dies, their hard tests (shells) continually “rain” down and accumulate on the seafloor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of minerals that crystallize directly from seawater through various chemical reactions |
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Term
| Hydrogenous sediments are economically very important now and in the future. ___ and ___ around oceanic ridges may be mined in the future. ____, __,__ as well as __ are used every day form ancient ocean deposits. |
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Definition
| Manganese nodules, sulfides, salt, gypsum, limestone and metal |
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Term
| How do surface currents and deep currents? |
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Definition
Surface currents develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows across its surface of global wind
-horizontal
Deep current is vertical and is a response to density differences among water masses. |
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Term
| How are surface and deep currents tide together and related to climate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a low. elongated ridge of sand that parallels the coast. |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of the tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and to a lesser extent the sun. |
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Term
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Definition
| the origin of the tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and to a lesser extent the sun. |
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Term
| Difference between weather and climate |
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Definition
| weather is the sum of all statistical weather information that describe a place or region and climate is the state of the atmosphere at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| the general term for the amount of water vapor in the air |
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Term
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Definition
| is a ratio of the air's actual water-vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor required to saturate the air |
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Term
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Definition
| centers of low pressure, unstable conditions and stormy weather |
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Term
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Definition
| are centers of high-pressure,fair weather |
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Term
| isobars and what does the spacing between isobars indicate? |
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Definition
lines that connect places of equal air pressure
close- a steep pressure gradient and high winds
widely- a weak pressure gradient and light winds |
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Term
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Definition
| a model fro the origin of th solar system that supposes a rotating nebula of dust and gases that contracted to form the Sun and planets. |
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Term
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Definition
collision between Mars-sized body and a youthful , semimolten Earth about 4.5 billion years ago.
The debris ejected from the Earth's orbit gradually coalesced to form the Moon |
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Term
| What does the Big Bang theory describe? |
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Definition
| The theory that proposes that the universe originated as a single mass, which subsequently exploded |
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Term
| What does the Big Crunch describe? |
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Definition
The fiery death of the universe, the big bang operating in reverse.
Instead of expanding it is shrinking back to the single mass it began as. |
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