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| A conference of Ambassadors of Europe, led by Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814-June 1815. It was aimed to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolution, Napoleanic War, and dissolution of the Holy Roman empire. It was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe. |
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| A series of alliances that ensured the European nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out. |
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| An agreement of Russia, Austria, and Prussia to act with Christian principles against revolutionaries. |
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| The Austrian foreign minister who distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution, led the Congress of Vienna |
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| Napoleon's policy to blockade to isolated Great Britain from all other nations |
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| A member of the radical political club that made many of the government changes in September 1792 |
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| Napoleon's seizure of power in 1799, a sudden overthrow of government |
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| A country of a territory governed internally by a foreign power. |
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| A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power |
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| An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges |
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| An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other government |
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| A policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries |
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| Usually wealthy property owners and nobility, and they argues for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe |
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| The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a kind or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged the old conservative order of Europe. |
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| mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote. |
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| Favored drastic changes to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution--Liberty, equality, and brotherhood |
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| Positive Results of Nationalism |
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| People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good, The overthrow of colonial rule, Democratic governments in nations throughout the world, Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances |
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| Negative Results of Nationalism |
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| Forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation's majority culture, Ethnic cleansing, extreme nationalist moves like nazism, and competition between nations leading to warfare |
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| Later to become Emperor Napoleon III, 1848 took power, strong leader to bring the country together in the midst of chaos. Encouraged industrialization |
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| Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands, 19th century Germany, 19th Century Italy |
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| Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away, Greeks in the Ottoman Empire |
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| Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture, The United States |
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| forcing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire, this policy actually strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunity Russia, 19th Century |
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| Italian Prime Minister, he aimed to annex Northern Italy from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, enlisted the help of the French emperor Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces |
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| Garibaldi helped nationalists rebels in southern Italy as Cavour was uniting northern Italy. IN 1860, he led a small army of Italian nationalists ( The Red Shirts) to the north and stepped aside for the Sardinian king to rule |
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| 1815- 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation. |
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| Conservative Junker (Prussia's Wealthy Landowning Class), became prime minister. Practiced Realpolitik, tough power politics with no room for idealism. Ruled without the consent of Parliament and expanded in all directions, turned Prussia against the French and sparked nationalism in South Germany |
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| Failed Revolution of 1848 |
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| The German Revolutions of 1848 swept across 50 countries in Europe, and had a major impact on the German-speaking states. The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states were a series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation and Austria which sought to challenge the status quo. The revolutions, which stressed pan-Germanism, emphasised popular discontent with the traditional, largely autocratic political structure of the thirty-nine independent states of the Confederation that inherited the German territory of the former Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, they demonstrated the popular desire for increased political freedom, liberal state policies, democracy, and nationalism. The middle class elements were committed to liberal principles while the working class sought radical change. However, the middle class and working class components of the Revolution split, and in the end the conservative aristocracy defeated it, forcing many liberals into exile. |
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| greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England and in the middle 1700s. It soon spread to other countries. |
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| The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. |
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| The economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. Free market without the government. |
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| Economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. |
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| professor at University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy. He created the three natural laws of economics: the law of self-interest--People work for their own good, the law of competition--Competition forces people to make a better product, the law of supply and demand--Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy |
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| government must take action to improve people's lives. |
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| Jeremy Bentham argued that people should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their usefulness. He argues that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. |
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| city building and moving people to cities |
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Better working conditions and laws- In response to strikes/etc, laws/bills passed to shorten hours and give better pay. In GBR: Factory Act of 1833, said children under 9 couldnt work, kids 9-12 couldnt work +8 hrs, and kids 13-17 couldnt work +12 hrs, 1842 Mines Act prevented women/children from having to work underground, 1847 10 Hrs Act limited workday to at most 10 hrs for women/children. in US: 1904 NCLC banned child labor and set maximum working hrs
factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible to increase production
injuries increased with machinery because factories were seldom well lit or clean
machines were unsafe, no government aid in case of injury
many women and children were employed because the were the cheapest source of labor |
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| Social Groups during the industrial revolution |
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There was a growing middle class, and all of the new money being made was mostly going to them
middle class now held the power
middle class was split, upper middle had government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers, lower middle had skilled workers
working class was frustrated with bad conditions. The Luddites were a working class group that rebelled and broke machinery |
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| groups of workers who tried to bargain with employers for better pay and conditions; when no agreement was made, they went on strike- refusing to work in order to force employer to meet certain demands |
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| an economic system in which all means of production-land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses- are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally. |
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| Wrote the book Communist Manifesto, believed that the proletariet would one day break out of their chains and rise up, forming a proletariat dictatorship |
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| When and where did Hitler take over Europe? |
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| 936- invaded Rhineland, 1938- Czechoslovakia, 1939- Poland, 1940- Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, 1941- Yugoslavia and Greece, 1941 and 42- failed attempts to take over Russia |
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| Social Darwinism: A social theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. |
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| 1884-1885 14 European nations met to prevent competition over African territory to lead to war. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims. |
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| Napoleon Bonaparte's Defeat against Russia |
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Continental System Blockade- A blockade against British trade set up by Napoleon
Napoleon ended up losing because he invaded Russia who was an ally. Russia won because of the scorched earth policy. |
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| Austrian psychology doctor--studied the unconscious mind and the cause of actions and desire, created psychoanalysis, how to deal with the subconscious |
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| invented the ligh bulb which opened the door for more electrical appliances |
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| invented the assembly lie and created model T cars, started Ford company |
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| A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities |
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| invented the assembly lie and created model T cars, started Ford company |
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| A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving their rights |
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| The adoption of a conqueror's culture by a conquered people, a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs |
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Africa: Europe
Ottoman Empire: Russia, Britain and France
India and Persia: Britain
Southeast Asia: Dutch, British and French
Caribbean Islands: US |
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| Money, colonies provided materials and goods, national pride, display of strength, racism, christian missionaries |
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| the idea that the white men should go to Africa and teach the barbarians black people living there what society is, how to worship god and jesus correctly |
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