Term
| Geology is the study of ______ and this study can be broken into 2 areas, _________ and __________. |
|
Definition
| Earth, physical, and historical |
|
|
Term
| Why would the Earth be looked upon as a system? |
|
Definition
| As one aspect changes, another aspect responds to that change. |
|
|
Term
Which one of these items would be within the Biosphere?
Tree
Horse
Fish
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where do plate tectonics take place?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which two types can the crust be broken up into?
Solid and liquid
hard and soft
thin and thick
igneous and sedimentary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Total volume of Planet Dudley= 10,000 cubic centimeters
- The densities of P.D. crust, mantle, & core same average densities of the Earth
- V of crus, mantle, and core of P.D. same % of the total V as the V % of total V for the Earth's.
- D=M(mass)/V(volume)
The volume of the crust for planet Dudley? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Total volume of Planet Dudley= 10,000 cubic centimeters
- The densities of P.D. crust, mantle, & core same average densities of the Earth
- V of crus, mantle, and core of P.D. same % of the total V as the V % of total V for the Earth's.
- D=M(mass)/V(volume)
The mantle volume of planet Dudley? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are key markers of plate boundries?
dark line
earthquakes
volcanic activity
none of these |
|
Definition
| earthquakes and volcanic activity |
|
|
Term
Why is the core on Earth so much denser than the crust and mantle on Earth?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Earth's composition and density in the early years could be looked upon as being _______ throughout the Earth's layers.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following feature is found to be associated with a covergent boundary?
basin
mountains
glaciers
beaches
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The following feature is found to be associated with a divergent boundary?
basin
mountains
glaciers
beaches
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Atoms---->_____A____---->Minerals---->_____B_____
A= protons B=neutrons
A=neutrons B= protons
A=rocks B=elements
A=elements B=rocks
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did the densities of the layers of the Earth become more differentiated over time? |
|
Definition
| due to the different densities of the elements within the Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metamorphic Rock-A
Sedimentary Rock-B
Igneous Rock (Intrusive)-C
Igneous Rock (Extrusive)-D |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism responsible for re-cycling of rock material is also responsible for driving the rock cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most abundant mineral group in the Earth's crust is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tendency of minerals to break along planes of weakness is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example of covalent bonding |
|
|
Term
| Comparing Quartz a non-metallic silicate to Olivine a metalic silicate. Which would be more dense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a mineral contained the chemical structure (CaCO3) or calcite which mineral would they belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals can originate from? |
|
Definition
Cooling of magma
hot water solutions
on the seafloor from black smokers |
|
|
Term
| If an area contained a gold deposit that was worth 1 million dollars and it would cost 1 million in overhead to mine the gold. You should? |
|
Definition
| Wait until the price of gold rises until you mine the deposit |
|
|
Term
| Igneous rocks that contain minerals that crystallize at very high temperatures would be of what magma type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As the rate of cooling increases(speeds up), the size of the crystals that form?
Increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intrusive igneous rocks?
are generally fine grained
form at Earth's surface
are quite often vesicular
are also termed volcanic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Igneous rocks are classified on |
|
Definition
| composition and mode of formation(texture) |
|
|
Term
| Why would you not find vesicular and glassy textures in igneous rocks formed under the Earth's crust? |
|
Definition
| higher pressure and temperature inside the earth |
|
|
Term
| Why do felsic magamas flow at slower rates than mafic magmas? |
|
Definition
| due to their higher silica content and tetrahedra form of silica minerals |
|
|
Term
| As magmas solidify by fractional crystallization(where the crystallizing minerals are formed by the magma cooling due to temp decreasing), the remaining magma becomes progressively more ______ in composition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a record of the rock's cooling history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by crystallization of freezing of molten rock |
|
|
Term
| What type of magma melt would be found at a oceanic/oceanic divergent boundary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these volcanoes produce more of felsic magma? (more viscous)
Shield
Lava Domes
Composite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these volcanoes produce more of mafic magma? (less viscous)
Shield
Lava Domes
Composite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would a volcano with a very high felsic content of its magma create a more violent eruption? |
|
Definition
| because of the higher viscosity of the felsic magma |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in a Terrestrial planet versus a Jovian Planet? |
|
Definition
| Terrestrial high density/small planet and Jovian low density/large |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about mechanical weathering?
produces smaller pieces
adds to effectiveness of chemical weathering
may lead to the formation of talus slopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When water combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid this would be an example of what chemical weathering? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of oxidation(i.e. Rust)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A rock that is composed of minerals that were formed at low heat and pressure will chemically weather faster or slower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following practices will deteriorate the soil?
Man growing the same crop over and over on the same piece of land.
Man cutting a steep slope on a piece of land.
Planting grass on a steep slope area. |
|
Definition
Man growing the same crop over and over on the same piece of land. and
Man cutting a steep slope on a piece of land |
|
|
Term
What soil conservation practices would you use in an area of steep slope?
contour plowing
windbreaks
terracing
crop rotation |
|
Definition
| contour plowing and terracing |
|
|
Term
| A soil profile where Horizon A contains unstable soluable minerals could be identified as a ______________ soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soil types around the globe are strongly controlled by:
Which one?
underlying rock type
average annual temperatures
type of organisms in the area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Deposition of material that form sedimentary rocks
form in horizontal layers
form at or near earth's crust
sedimentary particles are deposited either by mechanical or chemical processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lithification process happens more with the chemical (non-clastic) rocks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In an area where there is a large amount of precipitation there would be a large amount of leaching of soluble minerals. What horizon of the soil profile would collect a majority of these leached minerals?
Horizon O
Horizon A
Horizon C
Horizon B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sedimentary Rocks are categorized by? |
|
Definition
| cementaion and mode of deposition |
|
|
Term
| Lithification can happen in the following ways: |
|
Definition
| compaction, cementation and re-crystallization |
|
|
Term
| A stream loaded with sediment that slows down in velocity due to the stream reaching an ocean would result in what type of depositional environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limestone would be produced in what environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transgression strata sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continental subsidence and glacier melting can cause this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shows flows velocity and flow direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streams C
Oceans A
graded bedding B |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not the important resource from sedimentary rocks?
petroleum
banded ion formations
coal |
|
Definition
| all are important resources of sedimentary rocks |
|
|
Term
Metamorphism may result from
Which one?
heat
pressure
fluid activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the 3 types of metamorphism which type is associated to mountain ranges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C would have a higher degree of metaphorism |
|
|
Term
| Rocks that have been subjected to heat and and differential pressure that arrange minerals in a parallel fashion is said to have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were able to determine an age of a metamorphic rock being 3.2 billion years old what could you say about the age of the Earth? |
|
Definition
| The Earth is older than 3.2 billion years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
you can use principle of original horizontality, principle of cross cutting and superposition when dealing with relative dating of this piece of land.
Age order: D,A,C,B,E,F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Americum with an atomic mass number of 246 and Thorium with an atomic mass number of 230. What kind and how many radioactive decay steps does it take for Americum 95 to decay to Thorium 90? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important concept behind radioactive dating? |
|
Definition
| the ability to calculate an exact rate and time of the decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B is an older rock sample due to the fission track |
|
|
Term
| If you were going to date an age of a dead cow, what method would you use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you cut the bottom stem portion of a tree and you can see 9 growth rings, how old would the tree be?
8
18
10
27 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years ago did the first humans appear? |
|
Definition
| 1.8 Million years ago during the Pliocene |
|
|
Term
| How many years ago did dinosaurs go extinct? |
|
Definition
| 146 Million years ago during the Cretaceous |
|
|
Term
| The term "Moho" defines the boundary between the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Since the density goes up 1 and the elasticity goes up 0.5 every foot... the velocity of P waves and S waves would decrease with depth |
|
|
Term
| Why does S waves not travel through the core? |
|
Definition
| because the outer core behaves like a liquid |
|
|
Term
| In what order would surface and body waves arrive at a seismic station? |
|
Definition
| P-wave, S-Wave, L-Wave, R-Wave |
|
|
Term
| The principle of where material of a certain density subsides or sinks to an equilibrium depth and floats at this equilibrium is called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following geological processes is typically related to a convergent plate boundary?
Deep Focus Earthquakes
Subduction
Volcanic belts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What key principle helps explain the process of what layers of rocks go through and leads too earthquakes is called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An earthquake occurred with the epicenter under Lee Hall, resulting in $1.5 million worth of damages and caused 7 fatalities. This would be an example of measuring an earthquake by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tsunami's are produced by
Which one?
submarine earthquakes
Submarine landslides
Volcanoes at sea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main thing that we can investigate and study to help get a vicinity of when an earthquake could happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a material is subjected to a certain stress and the material cracks and breaks, the material has under went what type of strain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B is an example of a normal fault |
|
|
Term
| Why is the geologic feature called a dome more like an anticline than a syncline? |
|
Definition
| because the older rocks are in the middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dip angle= 40 and Strike Angle= can't tell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At point C an object would weigh less |
|
|
Term
| Would an object sitting at the top of Mount Everest weigh less than the same object at Panama City Beach, Florida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of earthquake will cause more damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is understanding different kinds of stress important in geology? |
|
Definition
| because different stresses causes different types of folds. |
|
|
Term
| What process is used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What can cause an earthquake of magnitude 7 be more destructive at one location compared to another?
Time of occurrence
population density
types of bedrock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Tsunami's just another form of a tidal wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The controlling force of mass wasting is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity is termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slump is a slow moving mass movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The slope material's strength and cohesion, the amount of internal friction between grains, and any external support of the slope is defined as the slope's ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What characteristics influence mass wasting?
water within slope
overloading
geology of area
earthquakes in area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C would have more of a chance of having mass movement of material |
|
|
Term
The following ways can be used to minimize mass wasting?
Which ones?
Benching
Rock bolts
cut and fill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Creep, the slowest can be recognized by
Which ones?
curved tree trucks
tilted power poles
by a seismograph
by a tiltmeter |
|
Definition
| curved tree trunks and tilted power poles |
|
|
Term
| The release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not influence stream velocity?
discharge
laminar flow
channel size and shape
gradient
channel roughness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main erosion occurs on the outside of the bend |
|
|
Term
| A river originates 400 meters above sea level and travels 200 kilometers to the ocean. What is the average gradient in meters per kilometers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The continuous movement of water from the oceans to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and from the land to the sea is known as |
|
Definition
| Water cycle/ hydrologic cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is the driving force/mechanism behind the water cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate at which surface material absorb water is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these factors influence infiltration capacity
the earth's rotation
intensity of precipitation
the tides
all of the above |
|
Definition
| intensity of precipitation |
|
|
Term
| The kind of energy that flood water behind sand bags possess is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a particle to be either suspended load or bed load? |
|
Definition
| The speed of transportation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B would more than likely have the fastest velocities if all other characteristics are in equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| The total volume of water moving past a particular point within a given amount of time is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a stream's discharge increases |
|
Definition
| velocity, width, and depth increase |
|
|
Term
Calculate the following streams discharge?
Velocity= 10 meters per second
Depth= 2 meters
Width= 5 meters |
|
Definition
| 100 cubic meters per second |
|
|
Term
| The most common river channel drainage pattern and the one that resembles a tree branch is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A would have a higher porposity |
|
|
Term
| The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When water is pumped from a well is pumped from a well, a depression is often produced in the water table. Such depression is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Well sorted and well rounded sands and gravel have a |
|
Definition
| high porosity and high permeability |
|
|
Term
| What type of lake can occur due to constant erosion of a meandering stream bank? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from high pressure to areas of low pressure |
|
|
Term
| A condition that is necessary for an ice mass to be classified as a glacier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glaciers can cause heavy
What?
Erosion of sediment
transport of sediment
deposition of sediment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two types of glaciers which type covers the most area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are glacial erosion and transport methods?
plucking
abrasion
bulldozing
sheet flow |
|
Definition
| plucking, abrasion, and bulldozing |
|
|
Term
| Is wind or water more capable of carrying sand as a suspended load? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The removal of loose surface sediment by wind that leaves shallow depressions is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the two types of wind deposits which are deposited over large areas downwind from source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of weather in desert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What erosional agent causes the most erosion in a desert? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C is where the stream/river velocity would be the fastest |
|
|
Term
| The surface of the oceans rise and fall daily in response to gravitational attraction of the moon and sun. What do we call the rise and fall tides? |
|
Definition
rise= flood tide
fall= Ebb tide |
|
|
Term
| If you want your local beach to contain the same amount of sand and look the same each year, you would want a _______ nearshore sediment budget. |
|
Definition
|
|
