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| ghengis khan – campaign in sw asia – destroys transoxiana and east iran – merv stone by stone |
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| Ghazan – Il-khan – serious muslim – rational beauracracy and reforms taxation |
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| – Abu Sa’id – Il-Khan – “good khan” – devout muslim – fluent Persian and Arabic – rebuilt roads and cities |
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| Mamluks destroy crusader city of Aker all crusaders expelled from Holy Lands |
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| – Osman – ghazi (Turkish) amir outside bursa, important byz city – victorious – ancestor of ottomans |
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| Orhan – supposed descendent of Osman – captured Bursa, capitol – captures nicea and Nicomedia = easy path to Constantinople – rival byzantines ask him to fight for them – by 1361 conquers most Bulgaria, thrace in Europe |
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| Murat – strong, gets many Christian mercenaries (tolerant) – destroys serbs in Kosovo and dies on field |
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| Bayezit – thunderbolt – consolidates state – low taxes, tolerant, protection from highway robbers – tried to subdue other turks in Anatolia – devshirme – janisarrie corps of elite infantry men and administraters |
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| – Timur lang – emir of the turko-mongols – organized turks in transoxiana – capitol at samarqqand |
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| – timur lang crushed il-khanate |
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| battle at Ankara – timur lang surprise attacks bayezit and crushed |
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| ottoman turks have no sultan, just many little Turkish princes – sons of bayezit fight for sultanate and mehmet I wins |
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| Mehmet I – “the 2nd founder / the stabilizer” - restores order to ottoman empire – sultan from adrianople |
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| – mehmet II “the conqueror” – c onquered Constantinople – “ceasar of rome” – all Serbia, attacked hungary and southern italy |
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| genoese merchant killed when ottomans took constantinople in 1453 |
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| emperor when constantinople taken by ottoman turks, led by mehmet II - disappeared |
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| for ottomans to administer their multiethnic empire - started by mehmet II (1451 - 1481) - religious leaders govern their own religious minorities within empire |
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| last abbasid caliph, ottomans found in mamluk egypt when they (selim) subued in 1517 - taken to present sultan with title of caliph |
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| – ottomans take mamluk Egypt (selim) |
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| leads azeri turks in safavi empire - imami (12) shiites - big empire by 1510 |
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| early 16th cent - sufi sheik ismail, leader of safavid empire, sends timurid warlord babur to conquer north india - lasts until 19th c |
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| safavid empire – founded by sufi sheik ismail – responsible for political primacy of imami (12) shiism |
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| – Selim “the grim/stern” – conquers mamluk Egypt – fights safavids and captures isamail’s wife – effective leadership and taxation – most modern muslim empire |
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| selim battles safavids and badly defeats – safavids more capitol further east (was Tabriz) – ismailsl favorite wife captured |
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| Suleiman “the magnificent” – destroys Christian hungary – effective rule – encouraged scholarship – undisputed ruler of Balkans, only Vienna doesn’t fall |
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| battle of lepanto - christians beat back ottomans |
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| codification movement of hadiths begins – about 3000 |
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| jafar al-sadiq's other son - Imamis (12) followed him - poisoned by harun al rashid |
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| d. 801 - female sufi mystic |
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| Samanids – descended from rebel abbasid governor – persianized – ruled khurasan – fell to their huge mamluk army, Ghaznavids |
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| – al-Shafi’I – book about ijma and shari’a – don’t catch on until mid 10th c |
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| 11th Imam dies without successor – Uthman al-Amri – lesser concealment |
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