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| time during which Earth was covered by ice and glaciers |
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| to move fromone place to another to live |
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| a type of sun-dried brick |
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| period of renewed interest in learning and advancement of the arts and sciences |
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| Spanish soldier in North and South America |
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| became the most powerful and largest kingdom in West Africa |
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| the mixing and dispersing of plants, animals, and microorganisms between the Americas and Europe |
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| leading group of people along the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast |
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| most powerful people in the highlands of central Mexico |
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| loose confederation for promoting peaceful cooperation |
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| marked by the absence of strong nations |
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| European campaign to drive the Muslim Moors who ruled Iberia |
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| earliest West African kingdom between A.D. 300 and 1500 |
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| rose to power asGhana's power faded |
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| a Virginia lawmaking body |
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| a place where friars taught Native Americans about Christianity |
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| the first lasting settlement in Canada |
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| an agreement among the Pilgrims to form a government |
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| members of a peaceful religious group that settled in Pennsylvania |
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| the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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| a person who works to convert others to his or her religion |
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| a ruler of a region in New Spain |
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| a person of Spanish and Native American ancestry |
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| was thought to be a water route to China through Canada |
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| a French fur trader who married an Indian woman |
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| a child from a French fur trader and an Indian women |
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| certificate of permission from a king or queen |
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| a business venture founded and run by a group of investors who would share the company's profits and losses |
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| an area that belonged to the Crown |
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| a colony that belonged to an individual or company |
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| a revolt; showed that poorer farmers would not tolerate a government that catered only to the wealthiest colonists |
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| left the Anglican Church to begin their own churches |
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| things that motivated people to leave their countries |
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| attracted people to a new location |
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| person who agreed to work in exchange for passage to the colonies |
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| three-part voyage that included enslaved Africans, raw materials, and manufactured goods |
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| route used to ship enslaved Africans |
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| a document that protected English nobles from taxes and guaranteed them due process |
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| a policy under which the colonies were allowed virtual self rule |
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| document signed by King William and Queen Mary guaranteeing a number of freedoms |
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| the idea that a person may not be imprisoned unless charged with a crime |
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| England's legislative body; bicameral; only men with property could vote |
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| a policy under which colonies were allowed virtual self rule |
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| a religious movement that swept through the colonies |
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| coup in England during which King James II was overthrown |
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| crops that are in constant demand |
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| private schools operated out of a home |
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| British colonists' name for a conflict that began in 1754 |
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| British order that colonial settlers remain east of the Appalachian Mountains |
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| document that called on the colonies to unite and cooperate under British rule |
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| Britain's reaction to the Boston Tea Party |
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| committees of correspondence |
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| groups that formed after the Boston Massacre to promote colonial unity |
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| conflict in which occupying British soldiers killed five protesting colonists |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| meeting at which colonial delegates formed plans to boycott all British goods |
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| incident in whihc colonists destroyed cargo to protest British trade policies |
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| tax on printed materials imposed on American colonists by Parliament |
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| the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; in our Declaration of Independence |
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| commanded by George Washington |
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| colonists who supported Britain during the war |
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| Patriot army who fought near Boston; included farmers who became soldiers |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| document that proclaimed the colonies were free from British rule |
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| in New Jersey; the battle that forced the British to go south and leave the north alone |
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| location of Washington's winter encampment in 1777 and 1778 |
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| site of major Patriot victory in upstate New York |
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| hired soldiers who fought for pay |
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| agreement that ended the Revolutionary War |
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| plantation owners who voluntarily freed their slaves |
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| tax levied by British on all paper goods |
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| a group of people who opposed the Constitution; they wanted an elitist government |
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| a group of persons chosen from each state who indirectly elect the president |
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| the group who favored ratification of the constitution; wanted a strong central government |
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| a political system in which power is shared between the national government and state governments |
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| an area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River |
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| the idea that all government power comes from the people; the government derives its authority from the people |
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| a government in which the people elect their representatives |
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| the creation of three separate branches with different responsibilities to prevent misuse of power |
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| a group of Massachusetts who revolted against the idea they would lose their farm if they didn't pay their debt |
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| proposed by James Madison; added the power to tax and regulate commerce; created three branches of government |
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