Term
| Limbic structures mediate the emotional life of an organism, including _____, ______, & _____ |
|
Definition
| emotional experience, emotional expression, & emotional memory |
|
|
Term
| ______ include cognitive evaluation of the nature of a stimulus, prior experience from memory, conscious awareness of the internal & external state of the body, & reactions that can be a mix of skeletal, autonomic, & endocrine responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term "limbic" was first used by Paul Broca in 1878 to describe the manner in which _____, ______, & ______ (entorhinal) cortices formed an inner border surrounding the subcortical structures in all mammals |
|
Definition
| orbitofrontal, cingulate, & parahippocampal |
|
|
Term
| The oldest cortical region, ______, has been associated with olfaction & contributes significantly to survival behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hippocampus (______) contributes to behavior through an organism's ability to learn & remember significant events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The allocortex structures have ____ layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transitional cortical structures (______) are five-layered & can either be peri-allocortex or pro-isocortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The newest cortical areas (_____) have fully developed six layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is not a key regulator of the hypothalamus, although it does provide important contextual information to emotional experience |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fact that mammillary bodies & anterior thalamus are often damaged in ______ indicates the role of these structures in memory formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual agnosias, hypersexuality, hyperorality, emotional blunting/placidity, & willingness to approach previously fear-evoking stimuli are symptoms of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ is important in emotional blunting & loss of fear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amygdala is a ______ structure deep within the temporal lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ (not the hypothalamus) is the key regulator of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through plasticity in its circuits, the amygdala is essential for ______ of emotions, particularly fear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amygdala receives sensory information from the cortex & thalamus into its ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The output of the amygdala arises mainly from the ______ & targets primarily the hypothalamus & brainstem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amygdala efferents include the ______ to regulate skeletomotor behaviors & the ______ to regulate autonomic & endocrine responses |
|
Definition
| periaqueductal gray; lateral & paraventricular hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Certain sensory stimuli reach the amygdala directly by way of the ______ before being routed through the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ evokes emotional responses from the amygdala before the cortex can process the sensory information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ drives more appropriate emotional responses but takes more time for sensory processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anxiety disorders, panic attacks, & phobias are examples of ______ that rise even in the absence of clear triggers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ ultimately give rise to feelings of inadequacy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of cognitive reasoning to correct & reverse maladaptive emotions is the basis for ______ |
|
Definition
| cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
|
Term
| Ventromedial & orbital divisions of the ______ can suppress emotional expression by inhibiting amygdala output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prefrontal cortex is necessary for ______ of emotional memories like fear conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is reduced blood flow in orbitofrontal & cingulate regions in _______ disorder which correlates with reduced gray matter volume in these regions |
|
Definition
| major depressive disorder |
|
|
Term
| The ______ helps to guide behavior based on past rewards & punishments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Damage to the ______ is associated with blunted or inappropriate emotions & poor judgment often due to failure to inhibit maladaptive responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cingulate gyrus lies immediately above the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cingulate gyrus is _______ (stimulate alters autonomic function) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cingulate gyrus is a major area involved in the conscious perception of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Septal lesions alter _______ & ______ behaviors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is the ventral extension of the striatum (ventral striatum) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus accumbens is a ______ interface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nucleus accumbens processes limbic cortical input & provides adaptive motor strategies for ______ behaviors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visceral sensory input to the hypothalamus & amygdala arises from the _____ |
|
Definition
| nucleus of the solitary tract |
|
|
Term
| _______ input derives from association cortices to the amygdala, hippocampal region, cingulate, & prefrontal cortices |
|
Definition
| multimodal processed sensory |
|
|
Term
| ______ output originates from the hypothalamus & amygdala to brainstem autonomic centers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ output comes from the prefrontal to premotor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor output is relayed through the basal ganglia ______ (the limbic-motor interface that provides adaptive strategies for motivated behaviors) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All structures within limbic circuitry receive abundant input from brainstem & forebrain _______ systems, which critically modulate emotional behaviors |
|
Definition
|
|
