Term
| The reticular formation (______) is a phylogenetically old part of brainstem that contains over 100 loosely distributed nuclei that functionally link higher brain centers with the spinal cord, maintain vegetative functions, & regulate states of arousal & consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| The structure of RF cells is consistent with their capacity to ______ & to communicate with widespread areas of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ of cells in the RF are long & typically oriented perpendicular to the neuroaxis |
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Definition
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Term
| Many ______ of RF neurons exhibit extensive branching in the anterior-posterior direction that connects them with other tegmental neurons & with the thalamus & spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Afferents provide ascending ______ information & descending ______ signals |
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Definition
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Term
| The main efferents are to the ______, ______, _______, & ______ |
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Definition
| spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei, cerebellum, & thalamus |
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Term
| Via ______, the RF gains access to widespread areas of cortex, through which it regulates conscious states |
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Definition
| intralaminar thalamic nuclei |
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Term
| _______ neurons embedded in the RF project diffusely to large parts of the brain & project directly to the cortex without being relayed through the thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are small molecules with an amine group as part of their structure |
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Definition
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Term
| Monoamines are ______ that regulate global aspects of brain function by controlling cell excitability |
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Definition
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Term
| Monoamines are involved in the regulation of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Serotonin is active in the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Norepinephrine is active in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetylcholine is active in the _______ & the ______ |
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Definition
| pedunculopontine/laterdorsal tegmentum & basal forebrain |
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Term
| Histamine is active in the ______ |
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Definition
| tuberomammillary hypothalamus |
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Term
| Dopamine is active in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition to monoamines, important ______ containing cells in the lateral hypothalamic area have widespread projections to cortex & thalamus & regulate arousal |
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Definition
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Term
| Lindsley, Moruzzi, & Magoun demonstrated that ______ is an active process |
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Definition
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Term
| The RF is necessary for the maintenance of conscious awake states, so this region of the brainstem is called the ______ |
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Definition
| reticular activating system |
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Term
| EEG records the ______ conducted from the cortex through the head |
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Definition
| waves of electrical activity |
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Term
| Electrodes that can record eye movements are called ______, & ones that can record muscle tone are called ______ |
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Definition
| electro-oculogram; electromyogram |
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Term
| The EEG represents ______ activity |
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Definition
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Term
| When groups of cells fire in a ______ manner, they produce large amplitude electrical signals |
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Definition
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Term
| When cells fire in a ______ manner, they produce small amplitude electrical signals |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest with eyes closed, cortical activity is moderately synchronized in slow, small amplitude ______ waves |
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Definition
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Term
| When alert & concentrating on a task, lower amplitude more frequent _____ waves reflect desynchronized firing |
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Definition
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Term
| The first definitive EEG sign of the sleep state occurs in Stage II & is called a ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| By Stage ______, the amplitude of synchronous EEG increases dramatically, while the frequency declines |
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Definition
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Term
| After an episode of slow-wave sleep, the EEG reverts to an awake pattern called _______ sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| The EMG will reveal ______ during REM sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| The person will be unresponsive to arousal in REM sleep, so this stage is called _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The EOG will reveal _______ during REM sleep as if the person is watching an event |
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Definition
| rapidly twitching eye movements |
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Term
| Most dreaming occurs during ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In ______, a person deprived of REM sleep will spend twice the duration in REM the following night |
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Definition
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Term
| Both REM & non-REM sleep are necessary for ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Through its diffuse projections to the intralaminar nuclei, the ______ is positioned to control conscious states & the EEG pattern |
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Definition
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Term
| In the alert state, the excitatory projections of the MRF to the intralaminar nuclei cause thalamic & cortical activity to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Under ______ conditions, the thalamus & cortex can process meaningful sensory information |
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Definition
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Term
| As the MRF drive to thalamocortical circuitry falls below a certain threshold, the thalamic & cortical cells begin to fire in a ______, oscillatory manner |
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Definition
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Term
| The successive recruitment & suppression of cell firing in synchronized states produces _____ waves |
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Definition
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Term
| Under _____ conditions, the thalamus & cortex cannot process meaningful extrinsic signals |
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Definition
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Term
| The modulatory cell groups that project directly to cortex are typically most active during ______, when their regulation of cell excitability helps to keep the cortex active & suppress rhythmic forms of activity |
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Definition
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Term
| The onset of ______ is correlated with increased activity in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ neurons suddenly switch to high activity at the onset of sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation of the VLPO induces sleep in animals & lesions there produce _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The VLPO reduces the excitability of cortical & thalamic cells during ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the TMN histamine cell group produce ____, as do anti-histamine drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ neurons begin to fire at the onset of REM sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ during REM sleep is the result of inhibition of motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ neurons in the sublaterodorsal nucleus of the pons are activated by the cholinergic PPT/LDT |
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Definition
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Term
| SLD neurons project directly to the spinal cord & indirectly to glutamate neurons in the ______ which also project to the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamate projections activate GABA/glycine interneurons in the ______ that then inhibit motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure of the complex orchestration of REM sleep causes ______ of the various components & creates conditions in which portions of the sleep state are missing or expressed at inappropriate times |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals or humans that vigorously act out their dreams have a condition known as ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with _____ have excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, & hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations |
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Definition
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Term
| Human narcoleptics have greatly reduced _____ neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is expressed by 20-30% of the normal population & represents the inappropriate intrusion of cortical sensory processing & consciousness into the REM sleep state |
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Definition
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