Term
| The major function of the hypothalamus is to coordinate _____, _____, & ______ activities to maintain homeostasis & fulfill bodily needs |
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Definition
| autonomic, endocrine, & somatic motor |
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Term
| The optic chiasm marks the anterior or ______ region |
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Definition
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Term
| The infundibulum marks the middle or ______ region |
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Definition
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Term
| The mammillary body marks the posterior or ______ region |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus can be divided into 3 major subdivisions in the mediolateral dimension: ______ nucleus along the third ventricle, ______ (middle) zone, & _____ area |
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Definition
| periventricular nucleus, medial zone, lateral hypothalamic area |
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Term
| The lateral hypothalamic area lies lateral to the _____ & has diffusely organized cells penetrated by thinly myelinated & unmyelinated axons in the diffusely distributed medial forebrain bundle (MFB) |
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Definition
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Term
| Major afferents to the hypothalamus arise from the brainstem reticular formation (via the ______) |
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Definition
| dorsal longitudinal fasciculus |
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Term
| Relatively unprocessed ______ information reaches the hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus receives highly processed sensory information relating to ______ & ______ events |
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Definition
| emotionally significant & memorable |
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Term
| The hypothalamus responds directly or indirectly to circulating levels of _______ & physical events |
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Definition
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Term
| With few exceptions, efferents from the hypothalamus ______ the afferents |
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Definition
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Term
| Many hypothalamic functions are carried out by ______ of mutually interconnected cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation within the ventromedial & lateral hypothalamus can elicit ______ in animals, either defensive without attack or predatory |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus coordinates the complex somatic & visceral motor responses that form ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| An old view of feeding behavior was the ______ hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus lead to excessive eating (______), suggesting that the VMH might be a satiety center |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area give rise to ______ & suggest a hunger center |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a hormone released from the gut & adipose tissue that activates cells in the arcuate, VMH, & DMH |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptin signaling probably has more to do with ______ than with calories consumed in an individual meal |
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Definition
| long-term nutritional status |
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Term
| Both MCH & orexin knock-outs are associated with ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors act on ______ cells to either stimulate feeding via the LHA or inhibit it via the VMH |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior preoptic area has a role in _______ behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is known to be 3-7 times larger in male than in female rats |
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Definition
| sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area |
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Term
| The interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) show ______ dimorphism |
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Definition
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Term
| The INAH3 in postmortem brains is smaller in homosexual than in heterosexual men, suggesting a role for this region in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamic nuclei, such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus, & forebrain areas like the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis differ in ______ individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| The pituitary is divided into an ______ portion & a ______ portion |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ neurons in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei are the source of neuronal input to the pituitary gland |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is derived from the neural tube & contains the axonal nerve endings of hypothalamic cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that convert neural to hormonal signals are called ______ |
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Definition
| neuroendocrine transducers |
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Term
| _______ has clear actions in females, such as uterine contraction during birthing & the milk ejection reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is named for its contraction of vascular smooth muscle & increased blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Vasopressin regulates fluid balance & is also called ______ |
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Definition
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Term
| ______ respond to changes in blood osmolarity & are expressed on cells in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei & on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain barrier |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamic neurons receive ascending projections from the brainstem related to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ acts on the kidney to increase water reabsorption |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of the posterior pituitary gland or pituitary stalk lead to ______ (a condition of polyuria in which the patient excretes large quantities of urine daily) |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ contains epithelial cells from the primitive gut |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary occurs via the ______ |
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Definition
| hypophyseal portal blood supply |
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Term
| The _______ forms a capillary bed within the median eminence |
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Definition
| superior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
| _______ in the hypothalamus & other CNS regions sense changes in blood temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in the ____ respond to increased temperature to stimulate heat loss via peripheral vasodilation, sweating, & accelerated respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in the ______ respond to decreased temperature to stimulate heat production & conservation by peripheral vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased metabolism, & increased somatic motor activity |
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Definition
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