Term
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Definition
| an individuals unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
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Term
| What is the Psychodynamic perspective of personality? |
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Definition
| Emphasizes unconscious mental processes, importance of sexual aggressive experience and endruing effects of early childhood experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| What we are currently aware of |
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Term
| What is the Preconscious? |
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Definition
| What we are not currently aware of by can easily be brought to mind. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most primitive aprt of personality that is present at birth; entirely unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organized and rational dimension of personality. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thought from conscious awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitue target that is less threatening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Justifying ones actions or feelings with socially acceptable explanatinos rather than conscious acknowledgeing ones true motives or desires. |
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Definition
| The attribution of ones own unaccpetable urges or qualities to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking or behaving in a way that is the etreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure to recognize or acknowledge the existence of anxiety-provoking information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutralizing or atoning for an unacceptable action by a positive action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retreating back to a behavior pattern characteristic of an earlier stage of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dependency (birth-1 year). Need for oral stimulation; overly independent or dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-control and obedience (1-3 years). Obsessive and compulsive or no control and chaotic. |
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Term
| Phallic stage and fixation |
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Definition
| Meaning of gender (3-7 years). Promiscuity or asexuality |
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Term
| Latency stage and fixation |
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Definition
| Rest and learning (7 years-puberty). Repression of sexual desires and impulses. |
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Term
| Genital stage and fixation |
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Definition
| Rest and learning (adolescence). |
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Term
| What are the criticisms of the psychoanalytic theory? |
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Definition
| Inadequacy of evidence. Lack of testability: concepts were so vague and ambiguous. Sexist |
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Term
| What is the social cognitive theory of personality? |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism |
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Term
| What support/criticism is there for the cognitive theory? |
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Definition
Strength: The theory is testable, best for laboratory research
Criticisms: 1.) Ignores unconscious influences, emotions, or conflicts. 2.) Focuses on very limited areas of personality. 3.) It doesn’t explain the “whole” person and lacks the richness of other theories |
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Term
| What is the humanistic perspective? |
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Definition
| The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development. |
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Term
| What support/criticism is there for the humanistic theory? |
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Definition
Support/Benefits: 1.) Helpful in psychotherapy, counseling, education, and parenting. 2.) Promoted the scientific study of such topics as the healthy personality and creativity. 3.) importance of self-concept and subjective experience.
Criticisms: 1.) Hard to validate or test scientifically. 2.) Too optimistic |
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Term
| What is the trait perspective? |
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Definition
| A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions |
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Term
| What support/criticism is there for trait perspective? |
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Definition
| Criticisms: 1.) Doesn’t really explain human personality. 2.) The theorists don’t attempt to explain how or why individual differences develop. 3.) Generally fails to address other important personality issues. |
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Term
| What are the five factors associated with the Five Factor Theory? |
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Definition
| Factors: 1.) Neuroticism 2.) Extraversion 3.) Openness to experiences 4.) Agreeableness 5.) Conscientiousness |
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Term
| What are the goals and methods of assessing personality? |
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Definition
Goals: 1.) Assessment 2.) Prediction
Methods: 1.) Self-Report inventories 2.) Projective tests 3.) Other report 4.) Behavioral data 5.) Life-outcome data |
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Term
| What is social psychology? |
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Definition
| Branch of psychology that studies how a persons thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment |
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Term
| What is person perception, what is it affected by, and what are influential factors of person perception? |
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Definition
Definition: the process of forming impressions of others
Affected by: 1.) Characteristics of the target 2.) Characteristics of the perceiver 3.) The situation
Influences: 1.) Physical appearance 2.) Social Schema 3.) Your goals in a situation 4.) Your expectations 5.) Your self-perception |
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Term
| What is attribution and what are the two types? |
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Definition
The mental process of inferring the causes of peoples behaviors, including ones own
Types: 1.) Internal 2.) External |
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Term
| Define fundamental attribution error. |
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external situational factors; an attribution bias that is common in individualistic cultures |
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Term
| What is the actor-observer discrepancy? |
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute out own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others to mainly internal causes |
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Term
| What is the self-serving bias? |
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of ones own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external situational causes |
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Term
| What are the aspects of interpersonal attraction that we discussed in lecture? |
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Definition
| 1.) Physical attractiveness 2.) Similarity 3.) Reciprocity 4.) Attachment 5.) Cultural similarities and differences |
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Term
| What are attitudes and what are the three components of an attitude? |
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Definition
Positive or negative evaluations of objects or thought
Components: 1.) Cognitive; your beliefs, thoughts, and conclusions. 2.) Affective; your feelings about the issue 3.) Behavioral; your actions that result from the attitude |
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Term
| How does our attitude influence behavior? |
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Definition
| 1.) Anticipate a favorable outcome 2.) Attitudes are extreme 3.) Attitudes are from direct experience 4.) Knowledgeable about a subject 5.) Vested interest in a subject |
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Term
| How does our behavior influence our attitudes? |
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Definition
| 1.) Our attitudes can change in response to our behavior 2.) Festinger & Carlsmith 3.) Cognitive dissonance |
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Term
| What is cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
| An unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when two thoughts are inconsistent |
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Term
| How are our attitudes influenced by persuasion? |
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Definition
| 1.) Credibility of a source 2.) two sided arguments 3.) familiarity 4.) persuasion tactics |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in behavior, attitudes, or beliefs in the response to real or imagined group pressures |
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Term
| Describe the Asch study and what was found |
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Definition
Hypothesis: Will people conform if the group opinion is clearly wrong?
Experiment: publicly indicate which comparison line is the same length as the standard line (correct answer was A)
Results: Subjects gave the wrong answer on 37% of the trials |
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Term
| What are factors that influence conformity? |
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Definition
| 1.) Normative social influences 2.) Informational social influence 3.) Culture |
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Term
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Definition
| The performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status |
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Term
| What are the factors that influence obedience? |
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Definition
| 1.) Mental framework 2.) The situation 3.) Gradual escalation of the task 4.) Behavior of the experimenter 5.) Separation from the learner |
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Term
| What is prosocial behavior? |
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Definition
| Any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless |
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Term
| What are factors that increase/decrease helping behavior? |
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Definition
| 1.) the “feel good, do good” effect 2.) feeling guilty 3.) seeing others who are willing to help 4.) perceiving the other person as deserving help 5.) knowing how to help |
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Term
| What is the Kitty Genovese case and how did it apply to lecture? |
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Definition
| She was a young lady who was stabbed to death there was 38 witnesses who did nothing to help her. It shows the bystander effect |
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Term
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Definition
| A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group |
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Term
| What is health psychology? |
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Definition
| The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment and health related behaviors |
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Term
| What is the biopsychosocial model of illness? |
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Definition
| The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological and social factors |
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Term
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Definition
| A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a persons resources or ability to cope |
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Term
| What are the various ways we respond to stress? |
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Definition
| 1.) Emotional response 2.) Physiological response 3.) Behavioral response |
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Term
| Compare constructive vs maladaptive coping techniques |
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Definition
Constructive: A way to change circumstances or the interpretation of circumstances to makes them more favorable
Maladaptive: The ineffective behavioral response to stress |
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Term
| How does stress impact our physical health? |
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Definition
| 1.) disruption of eating or sleeping habits, headaches, stomach ulcers 2.) increased risk of heart disease 3.) weakening of the immune system |
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Term
| What factors moderate the impact of stress? |
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Definition
| 1.) social support 2.) personal control over the situation 3.) chronic negative emotions 4.) optimism v. pessimism |
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Term
| How is social support both beneficial and negative? |
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Definition
Positive: 1.) modify appraisal of severity of stressors 2.) decrease intensity of physical reaction to stress 3.) decreases likelihood of experiencing negative emotions
Negative: 1.) relationships can be the source of stress 2.) providing social support can be stressful |
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Term
| Compare optimism and pessimism |
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Definition
Optimism: external causes that can be changed
Pessimism: internal causes that are unlikely to be changed |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders |
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Term
| What is a psychological disorder? |
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Definition
| A pattern of behavior and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function or both |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Includes symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, frequency, typical course, and risk factors for disorders |
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Term
| What is an anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
| Extreme anxiety causes significant disruption in the persons cognitive, behavioral or interpersonal functioning |
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Term
| Which anxiety disorders did we discuss in class? |
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Definition
| 1.)Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) 2.) Panic Disorder 3.) Phobias 4.) Social anxiety disorder |
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Term
| What is an obsession versus a compulsion? |
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Definition
Obsession: repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts that cause anxiety and distress
Compulsion: repetitive behavior that a person feels driven to perform; tend to be ritualistic |
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Term
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Definition
| Disturbed emotions cause psychological distress and impair daily functioning |
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Term
| Which mood disorders did we discuss in class? |
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Definition
| 1.) Major depressive disorder (MDD) 2.) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 3.) Persistent depressive disorder 4.) Bipolar disorder |
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Term
| What are some of the explanations for mood disorders? |
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Definition
| 1.) Genetic predispositions 2.) Lack of norepinephrine and serotonin 3.) Bipolar disorder – unbalanced glutamate |
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Term
| Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa |
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Definition
Anorexia: Under weight don’t eat
Bulimia: over eating followed by purging not underweight |
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Term
| What is a personality disorder? |
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Definition
| Inflexible, maladaptive, stable patterns of thought, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that deviate from cultural norms |
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Term
| Which personality disorders did we discuss in class? |
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Definition
| 1.) Paranoid personality disorder 2.) Antisocial personality disorder 3.) Borderline personality disorder |
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Term
| What is a dissociative disorder? |
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Definition
| Extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function |
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Term
| What is dissociative identity disorder? |
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Definition
| Extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities in one individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes that impair the ability to function |
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Term
| What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| 1.) Delusions 2.) Hallucinations 3.) Disorganized thoughts 4.) Go through episodes |
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Term
| What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| 1.) Flat affect 2.) Alogia 3.) Avolition |
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Term
| Describe the various therapists we discussed in lecture |
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Definition
| 1.) Clinical psychologist 2.) Psychiatrist 3.) Licensed professional counselor 4.) Psychiatric social worker 5.) Marriage and family therapist 6.) Psychiatric nurse |
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Term
| What are the three explanations of mental illness? |
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Definition
| 1.) Psychological 2.) Supernatural 3.) Biological |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts motives and defenses so they can be resolved |
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Term
| What are some of the techniques and subtypes associated with psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
1.) Free association 2.) Dream analysis 3.) Transference
1.) Short-term dynamic therapy 2.) Interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
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Term
| What is client-centered therapy and its goals? |
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Definition
Providing a supporting emotional climate for clients; therapy is directed by the client
Goals: 1.) Restructure client’s self-concept 2.) Increase client’s self-acceptance 3.) Accurate empathy |
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Term
| What is behavior therapy and its techniques? |
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Definition
Focuses on directly changing maladaptive behavior patterns by using basic learning principles and techniques
Techniques: 1.) Systematic desensitization 2.) Social skills training 3.) Reinforcement |
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Term
| What is cognitive therapy? |
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Definition
| Psychological problems are due to illogical patterns of thinking |
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Term
| What are group and family therapy? |
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Definition
| Working with multiple clients at once |
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Term
| What is the biomedical therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are psychotropic medications? |
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Definition
| Drugs that alter mental functioning, alleviate psychological symptoms, and are used to treat psychological disorders |
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Term
| What is psychotropic drugs effectiveness? |
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Definition
| 1.) Beneficial addition to therapy if adequately prescribed 2.) Relapse is high 3.) Need to evaluate side effects |
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Term
| What is ECT, when is it used, and what are the drawbacks? |
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Definition
Electroconvulsive therapy. Used when medicine doesn’t work and only in severe cases.
Drawbacks: 1.) Short-term memory loss 2.) Temporary results |
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