Term
| Carbohydrates are composed of |
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Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of two to one, the same as water. |
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Term
| General Carbohydrate Structure |
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Definition
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Term
| As a class of compounds Carbs include |
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Definition
| simple sugars, starches, and cellulose |
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Term
| fundamental role of carbs |
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Definition
| important source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| structural units in cell walls and membranes, and in cellular components responsible for function and growth |
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Term
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Definition
| --the property of optical rotation of polarized light |
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Term
| simplest carbohydrates are known as |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| straight chain polyhydroxy alcohols |
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Term
| Usual length of monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| How are monosaccharides classified |
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Definition
| according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are defined as derivatives of |
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Definition
| polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar containing an aldehyde group |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugar possessing a ketone group |
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Term
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Definition
| polyhydroxy alcohol glycerol |
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Term
| oxidation on the central carbon of the triose yeilds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sugars whose molecules contain five carbon atoms |
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Term
| most pentoses contain _____asymmetric carbonds |
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Definition
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Term
| How do pentoses occur in nature? |
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Definition
| combined in polysaccharides from which monosaccharides may be obtained by hydrolysis with acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, and galactose |
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Term
| by which physiological standpoint are hexoses the most important monosaccharides |
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Definition
| nutritional and physiological standpoint |
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Term
| which carbs are used as food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two ways haxoses can be found |
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Definition
| free or combined in disaccharides and polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| normal sugar of the blood and tissue fluids and is utilized by cells as a source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| constituent of milk sugar and is found in brain and nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| keto sugar whereas the others are aldoses |
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Term
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Definition
| The six member ring forms of sugar |
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Term
| pyranoses are derivatives of |
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Definition
| heterocyclic compound pyran. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what reaction forms a pyranose |
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Definition
| reaction between an aldehyde and an alcohol to form a hemiacetal. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The formation of furnaose rings |
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Definition
| special case of a more general type of reaction between a ketone and an alcohol to form a hemiketal |
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Term
| Derived Monosaccharaides formation |
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Definition
| reduction or oxidation of the carbonyl group |
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Term
| Examples of Derived Monosaccharaides |
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Definition
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Term
| reduction products of derived monosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| oxidation products of derived monosaccharides |
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Definition
| acids, ex. glucaronic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Important group of derived monosaccharide's resulting from the replacement of a hydroxyl group (OH) by an amino group. |
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Term
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Definition
| This negatively charged residue is found in complex glycans, mucins and glycoproteins in the cell membrane. Also found in glycolipids, such as gangliosides, a crucial component of neuronal membranes found in the brain. |
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Term
| Complex Carbohydrates formation |
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Definition
| linking two or more monosaccharides whose combination involves the splitting out of a molecule of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| always made from the aldehyde group of one sugar to the hydroxyl or ketone group of the second. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diasaccharide, composed of two glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| diasaccharide, composed of one molecule of galactose and one molecule of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| diasaccharide, composed of one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is sucrose composed of? |
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Definition
| a molecule of glucose joined to a molecule of fructose in such a way that the linkage involves the reducing groups of each sugar (carbon 1 of glucose and carbon 2 of fructose). |
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Term
| will sucrose reduce bendicts |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms upon hydrolysis of sucrose |
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Definition
| molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose are formed. |
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Term
| What forms upon hydrolysis of Lactose |
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Definition
| forms a molecule of glucose and a galactose |
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Term
| Where is lactose synthesized |
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Definition
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Term
| will lacttose reduce bendicts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| complex carbohydrates that are made up of many monosaccharide molecules and therefore possess a high molecular weight. |
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Term
| do polysaccharides reduce benedicts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do polysaccharides form? |
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Definition
| colloidal dispersions instead of simple solutions |
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Term
| Polysaccharides can be formed |
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Definition
| pentoses or from hexoses and there are also mixed polysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
| important polysaccharides, two hexoses combine and a water is split off |
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Term
| Three most important polysaccharides |
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Definition
| cellulose, starch and glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of glucose units linked in a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage forming long unbranched chains |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of glucose units linked in an α (1-4) glycosididc linkage. Scattered throughout the molecule are α (1-6) glycosididc linkages permitting branched chains to form. |
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Term
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Definition
| – Resembles amylopectin, is highly branched, and represents the primary storage form of glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
Amylose -- straight chain
Amylopectin -- and branched chain |
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Term
| Monosaccharides undergo dehydration in the presence of mineral acids to form |
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Definition
| cyclic furfural derivatives |
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Term
| Monosaccharides and redox reactions |
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Definition
| Can be oxidized or reduced or can serve as oxidizing or reducing agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aldoses can react with primary amines |
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Term
| Glucose's reaction with aromatic amines like o-toluidine |
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Definition
| Used as a method for measuring glucose concentrations |
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Term
| Enzymatic methods represent |
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Definition
| principle means for determination today. |
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Term
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Definition
| primary storage form of glucose occurring to the greatest extent in the liver and muscle tissue |
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Term
| Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are found in |
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Definition
| body fluids and connective tissues - i.e., synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
energy production by conversion to carbon dioxide and water
storage as glycogen in the liver or triglycerides in adipose tissue
conversion to keto acids, amino acids, or protein |
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Term
| once transported within the cell glucose is rapidly converted into |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic pathways available from G6P |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Uronic Acid Pathway
Glycogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes 1-4 glycosidic linkage |
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Term
| What activates glycogen synthetase |
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Definition
| insulin --> cAMP levels --> PKA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conversion of Glycogen to Glucose |
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