Term
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Definition
| learned, shared, and transmitted from one human to another through enculturation; consists of everything we’ve learned from other people, symbolic; defined by Edward Tylor |
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Term
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Definition
| the comparative and theoretical study of human society at large |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of an individual society or community usually by a single anthropologist |
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Term
| Holism / Holistic Approach |
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Definition
| this and particularism go together; every kind of evidence must be surveyed (ex: artifacts, language, folk art, religious rituals, culinary habits, ideology). They are all potentially interrelated; examining all aspects of a culture in order to understand the dynamic interrelationships between them |
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Definition
| each culture should be judged on its own terms; the idea that one must suspend judgment of other people’s practices in order to understand them in them in their own cultural terms |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the integration of economic, social, and ideological aspects of a culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ethnography, the technique of earning a people’s culture through social participation and person observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way; key to human culture |
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Definition
a “signifier” which commonly co-occurs with something else (the
“signified”) in time and space, and may be taken as an indication of it |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to things and events removed in time and space |
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Definition
| the minimum piece of culture. If you divide it, it loses its meaning or function; ex: a drum |
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Term
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Definition
| recurring abstract elements which fit together into a larger functional system, which is generally not understood by the people who use it; ex: the structure of a myth or folk tale genre |
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Term
| Cultural evolutionary paradigm |
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Definition
| very first scale theory established in professional anthropology; Lewis Henry Morgan was the first to propose it; Edward Tylor also was a proponent of this perspective; reaction against biblical birth of human race; states that culture grew from simple to complex; eventually proved wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| humans act to improve their long-term security and their material well being |
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Term
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Definition
| the stuff that humans have. |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of all aspects of language structure, history, and use |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest classes of sound that change the meaning of a word; minimal-pair test |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the members of a class of speech sounds that , taken together, are commonly felt to be a phoneme, as cats, catnip, button, metal, city. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of phonemes that carry meaning (can be multiple versions of those groups of phonemes); smallest unit of sound that can carry a meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a variant of morpheme (end with s sound, z sound) |
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Term
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Definition
| language predisposes people to see the world in a certain way guiding behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society |
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Term
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Definition
| method dating divergence in branches of language families through time |
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Term
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Definition
| method used to identity syntactic units of language |
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Term
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Definition
| group of languages ultimately descended from a single ancestral language |
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Term
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Definition
| forms of a language (reflecting regions or social classes) |
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Term
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Definition
| where people speak one language that has several varieties and people switch between the dialects to make certain points |
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Term
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Definition
| basic list of vocab that contains words that would occur in any language; ex: mother, sun, brother, tree, and water; 200 universal items |
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Term
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Definition
| system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages |
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Term
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Definition
| Arab- American interaction example (standing close to someone or giving more personal space) |
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Term
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Definition
| those character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and therefore are the most representative of its culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society |
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Term
| Carrying capacity of a niche |
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Definition
| the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural features that are fundamental in the society’s way of making its living |
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Term
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Definition
| the most widespread form of horticulture. Slash and burn technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| require water and wide ranging grazing rights; fuzzy boundaries but private ownership of waterholes |
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Term
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Definition
| the vertical seasonal movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a common territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically and economically independent |
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Term
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Definition
| a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory |
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Term
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Definition
| a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people |
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Term
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Definition
| a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture behaviors are relative, not subject to grand economic processes; assumes each culture is unique, economic motivations are symbolic and culturally specific; most like ideographic cultural anthropology: independent local systems and knowledges, emphasis on cultural integration |
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Term
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Definition
| Universal principle of supply and demand; price is determined by relative need and scarcity; assumes rationality in the marketplace; most like nomothetic |
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Term
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Definition
| gifts presented without immediate return; gifts of different value returned at later time (long term exchange partners) |
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Term
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Definition
| gifts given, and returned rather quickly with gift of equal value; fish for yams (values set, not negotiated) |
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Term
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Definition
| one trading partner attempt to get more out of the exchange (often through trickery) |
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Term
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Definition
| A gives to B, who gives to C, who gives to D, and then, perhaps back to A |
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Term
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Definition
| requires central administration and economic surplus; commonly involves an element of coercion; motives: maintain superiority through display of wealth, ensure a better standard of living for political supporters, and establish alliances |
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Term
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Definition
| buying and selling of goods and services at prices set by supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place in marketplaces; fixed price or barter; social functions: news and gossip, political control, contracts (marriages) |
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Term
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Definition
| societal obligations to distribute goods so that no one accumulates substantially more wealth than anyone else; prevents threats to an egalitarian social order; some societies raise to the level of basic Themes |
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Term
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Definition
| ceremonial exchange of prestige items in the Trobriand Islands; trade occurs over long distance between trading partners on distant islands; generalized reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| anything used to make payments for goods or labor as well as to measure their value |
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Term
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Definition
| restricted to one sphere of exchange, individual pieces of differing value, many forms: cowrie shells, brass rods, stone rings, cacao beans, shark teeth, cattle, salt |
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Term
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Definition
| a medium of exchange (fungible), a standard of value (divisible), condensed wealth (allows for accumulation, portability, and durability), universal (recognized and acceptable in all sphere of exchange) |
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Term
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Definition
| the prohibition of sexual relations between closely related individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| family established by marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| established by blood relations |
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Term
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Definition
| rules specifying marriage within a defined group |
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Term
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Definition
| rules specifying that one must marry outside of a specified group |
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Term
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Definition
| a culturally defined social unit (a kinship unit) |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing and shelter are organized and carried out |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A woman has multiple husbands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| father’s brother and mother’s sister |
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Term
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Definition
| father’s sister and mother’s brother |
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Term
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Definition
| a group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group |
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Term
| To produce and enculturate children into society |
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Definition
| Functions of the family or kinship group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of your living consanguineal kin, calculated on both sides of your family. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bilateral kinship group limited by degree; takes a personal interest in the welfare of Ego - an ego-centered corporate kinship group |
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Term
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Definition
| patrilineal descent and organization; matrilineal descent groups and organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Who has Matrilineal Kinship (Matrilocal residence)? |
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Term
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Definition
| corporate descent group whose members trace their genealogical links to a common KNOWN ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| noncorporate descent group, members claim descent from a common mythical ancestor, members DO NOT KNOW the genealogical links to that ancestor, totemism often practiced |
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Term
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Definition
| worship of an imagined ancestor in a specific clan or lineage; clans get their identity from a myth which tells them they are descendants from some specific animal; animal cannot be eaten, unless person is in liminal state: removed from society and brought back as a new person with a new status in society (they can eat the animal for strength in their transition) |
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Term
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Definition
| unilineal descent group composed of two or more clans with common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| descent group that makes up half of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| a system emphasizing nuclear families, mobility, weak lineages, neolocal residence; found in societies with bilateral kindreds (relatively rare) |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel-cousins classified with sibling; widespread and associated with unilineal descent groups: clans and lineages: medium- sized kinship-organized society; about 2/3 of societies use some variant of this |
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Term
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Definition
| found in many African societies, names given and change as group moves up through the grades; Example: Freshman then sophomore then junior then senior |
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Term
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Definition
| group of people that move together through the grades; Example: Class of 2010 |
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Term
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Definition
| division into two or more categories of people, resources not equally shared |
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Term
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Definition
| rank people by their cultural traits; Example: Marxian Bourgeoisie v. Proletariat |
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Term
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Definition
| rank social groups based on religion or occupation; Example: Japanese Eta |
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Term
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Definition
| “colors;” nation-wide classes of occupation |
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Term
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Definition
| (local castes) localized occupational groupings, several in a single varna |
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Term
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Definition
| a local council of elected members for each Jati in each village |
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Term
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Definition
| Office held by the Nuer people of Sudan. Because they have an acephalous society (no leader), he is in charge of preventing violence. Can offer sanctuary to criminals, acts as mediator |
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Term
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Definition
| only obligation is to defend one’s kinship group against all enemies, overall effect as an integrating mechanism; Example: Nuer divide in conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns for behavior thought to be good and appropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| rules which guide behavior through one’s lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| assumptions about the world and the forces of the world that are important to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| examining all aspects of a culture in order to understand the dynamic interrelations between them |
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Term
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Definition
| exclusive attention or devotion to one’s own particular interests, party, etc… |
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Term
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Definition
| exchanging goods and services between two or more parties |
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Term
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Definition
| organized ways of getting something done; Example: Education, baseball |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of living people who preform an institution; Example: Educators, baseball team |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical orientation that views society as a system of interdependent parts whose functions contribute to the stability and survival of the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fundamentalism, Relativism, Rationalism |
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Term
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Definition
| (Doctrine) a belief that doctrine holds the truth |
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Term
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Definition
| (Post-modernism) no two people have the same amount of knowledge, all unique |
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Term
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Definition
| (Science) there is a fundamental truth, the universe is structured on a single set of laws/principles |
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Term
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Definition
| any system or mode of thought or action in which human interests, values, and dignity predominate. |
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Term
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Definition
| the parallel evolution of different cultures to similar ecosystems |
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Term
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Definition
| societies with nuclear families and neolocal residence |
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Term
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Definition
| systems of classifications based on the culture that you are looking at. |
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Term
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Definition
| use universal measures that are applicable to all cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning; Example: Giggle, groan, sigh; also pitch and tempo |
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Term
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Definition
| conceptual level shapes what people do in their culture and shapes ideals; Sapir Whorf hypothesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| above direct proof; rituals that have consequences that we don’t understand (ex: the warfare of people such as the Yanamamo Indians, when they have war they don’t realize that they are keeping population in control as to not stress their econiche but they are doing that exactly. |
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Term
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Definition
| barter without verbal communication, indicates mistrust between the trading parties |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of negative reciprocity |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules (norms) which guides one-half of a bipolar relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the behavioral aspect of status |
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Term
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Definition
| person lives with a series of spouses in succession |
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Term
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Definition
| (Wealth) livestock must be given to bride’s family in exchange for the loss of her services as an economic provider |
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Term
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Definition
| man does labor for wife’s family, substitutes for wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| a woman brings items, usually linens to her marriage so she can set-up house, often woman is not employed after marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| can choose either wife’s family of husband’s family to live with after marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| after marriage, man and woman start new home |
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Term
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Definition
| A Chinese patriarchal kinship organization. Ancestor worship is practiced. A group of families, which believe that they have a common ancestor |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Integration |
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Definition
| Various types of solidarity such as organic and mechanical solidarity (Neil Durkheim). Societies must be bound together so mechanisms of integration work to bind different parts of society together. |
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Term
| Acephalous Kinship Organization |
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Definition
| no head of kinship group; Example: Nuer |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of shared cultural cognitive systems |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of broadly-based communities for political purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| the political direction and control exercised over actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states. |
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Term
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Definition
| unilineal kinship groups, spirits retain active interest in their descendants, they provide protection |
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Term
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Definition
| production of marketable commodities that escape public monitoring or auditing; Example: No taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| live with husband’s family |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| world-wide connectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capitol, information, infectious diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of political and socioeconomic change where-by developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics or western industrial societies |
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Term
| Multinational Corporation |
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Definition
| organize and integrate production across political boundaries; motivated by financial profits |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of blending of originally separate cultures into something new under the processes of acculturation or forced culture change resulting from slavery, colonialism or conquest |
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Term
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Definition
| Any blending of culture forms from separate sources into something completely whole and integrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in spiritual beings, usually associated with nature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of ideas about cultural forms or institutions but without the movement of the actual entities |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea method or device |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device |
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Term
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Definition
| eradication of a groups shared cultural identity (Tibet. Brazilian Yanomamo) |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical extermination of a people (Tasmania, Wounded Knee) |
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Term
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Definition
| losing a piece of culture; Example from ancient times: carts and chariots in the Sahara desert; Example from recent times: the typewriter |
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Term
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Definition
| cultivation of crops carried out by hand tools |
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Term
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Definition
| the cultivation of food plants, crop production important, uses technologies other than hand tools |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional power, which organizes and orchestrates transformations in societies against their will and knowledge, generally for the profit of others. This includes mind colonization and cultural hegemony |
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Term
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Definition
| co-optive power that presses others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values, and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of children that the typical woman must have for the population to remain stable (2.1 children) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical and or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and pre-mature death) caused by impersonal, exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the study societies’ music in terms of its cultural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| A sacred narrative which functions as a charter for religious and moral beliefs and which explains and justifies certain values and norms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A story about the past, purporting to describe real events and claiming to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| A creative story, which does not claim to be true. It may involve either human or animal characters |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural science of humankind and collective human behavior, including: human pre-history, history, diversity, evolution, and physiology |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client |
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Term
| People often take narrow views. People don’t look far enough into the future. They use bias to what will happen. They aren’t concerned with the consequences. |
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Definition
| Four Flaws in Future-Oriented Writing |
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Term
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Definition
| the universe is divided among specialist deities |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of deities into ruling councils and distributing their powers like a bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory of cultural evolution that sees each human culture evolving in its own way by adaptation to diverse environments: different ‘pathways’ of evolutionary development followed by different societies. Sometimes divided into four broad stages of evolving social organization: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state-organized society. |
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Term
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Definition
| part time religious specialists with exceptional abilities for dealing with supernatural, acquire power individually |
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Term
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Definition
| full-time religious specialists, members of an established religion, source of power is the institution (church) |
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Term
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Definition
| removed ceremonially from the land of the living, mothers cry (resist symbolically) |
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Term
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Definition
| in a sacred state – removed from time. Socially dead. Initiate is scarred and given sacred knowledge. Also, many taboos (no scratching) |
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Term
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Definition
| Returned to society in a new social position. New behaviors and rights (non-recognition of mothers, new titles, responsibilities) |
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Term
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Definition
| state when in transition of going into a new status of society. At this state of transition you are no longer thought of as a member of society (ex: neither a child nor a man) |
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Term
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Definition
| the celebration of a person’s transition to a new important status in society |
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Term
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Definition
| calendric and group centered events ex. Prevention of disruption of society (funeral of a leader) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of witchcraft. These witches’ acts are especially diabolical and destructive. They are the very embodiment of a society’s conception of evil – beings that flout the rules of sexual behavior and disregard every other standard of decency. Typically, they are morose, arrogant, and unfriendly people who keep to themselves but otherwise cause little disturbance. |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death. |
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Term
| Ibibio Witchcraft (in Nigeria) |
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Definition
| All misfortune is blamed on witches. It is often the younger, more educated members of Ibibio society who accuse others of bewitching them. The accused are often older, more traditional members of society. The Ibibio believe that witches are men and women that have a special substance (made up of needles, colored threads, and other ingredients) that they have swallowed. Witches are considered to be evidenced by antisocial behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Witchery encompasses the practices of witches, who are said to meet at night to practice cannibalism and kill people at a distance. Witches are called “skin-walkers.” Sorcery is distinguished from witchery only by the method used by the sorcerer, who casts spells on individuals using the victim’s fingernails, hair, or discarded clothing. Wizards kill by injecting a cursed substance, such as a tooth from a corpse, into a victim’s body. This type of witchcraft channels anxieties, tensions, and frustrations and permits direct expression of hostile feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that supernatural powers can be compelled to act in certain ways for good or evil purposes by recourse to specified formulas. It attempts to control supernatural forces through rituals and formulas. Two types: imitative and contagious |
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Term
| Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough |
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Definition
| Magic is a false science. The Lawfulness of Nature discovered before the actual laws of nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of divination, or future-seeing, by cracking of the shoulder blades of a mammal by fire or heat. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices. It serves a number of important social, psychological, and emotional functions, as well as ideological purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Edward B. Tylor) A belief that nature is animated (enlivened or energized) by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| (R.R. Marett) A belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural potency. Mana is one of these spiritual beings. |
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Term
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Definition
| is inanimate, and invests different things, places and people with different levels of intensity; is associated with power: political, charismatic, and natural; is tautologous – if you are successful or powerful, that proves you have it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves less formalized beliefs and practices and is often individual rather than collective. It serves emotional, psychological, and social functions. It tends to be fitted to more personal preferences, and its form and expression are often uniquely creative. |
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Term
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Definition
| (A.F.C. Wallace) uncertainty of an outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| (A.F.C. Wallace) certainty of an outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Emile Durkheim) Everyone was raised alike, and they have the same shared views and have the same perspective on life. This is an example of shared enculturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Emile Durkheim) Everyone comes from mutual and social economics. People think differently because they were raised differently. This is an example of differentiation and mutual interdependence. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effort to construct a more satisfying culture. Four phases: normal state of society, period of increased individual stress, period of cultural distortion, period of revitalization. |
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Term
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Definition
| a revitalization movement (especially noted in Melanesia) in reaction to distributive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches. Example: T’ai P’ing Rebellion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory or a doctrine that humans are basically psychologically equal everywhere. Edward B. Tylor assumes this. |
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Term
| Separate but Equal (Gendered Economic Role) |
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Definition
| men and women play different roles in society but the roles are relatively balanced. |
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Term
| Completely Integrated (Gendered Economic Role) |
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Definition
| men and women can do whatever |
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Term
| Completely Separate (Gendered Economic Role) |
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Definition
| men usually dominate women |
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Term
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Definition
| Relativistic Cultural Anthropology; independent local cultural systems and knowledges. There is an emphasis on cultural integration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural Materialism; “universal” rules of culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding and managing large herds or domesticated grazing and browsing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels. |
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Term
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Definition
| organized the will of millions of people, their property and labor into a new economic system: Entrepreneurial Capitalism. |
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| on the northwest coast of North America, a ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stockpiled food and other goods that signify wealth. The word means “gift,” from the Chinook Indian word patshatl. (Chilkat blankets and Coppers) |
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| Rites of Passage (type of Potlatch) |
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Definition
| birth, death, marriage, office assumption (status transfer) |
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| Face-Saving (type of Potlatch) |
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Definition
| capsizing a canoe, taboo breach, birth of a deformed child |
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| Title-Claiming (type of Potlatch) |
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Definition
| hunting/fishing spots, songs, dances, medicines, titles |
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| Rivalry (type of Potlatch) |
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Definition
| inter-village/clan politics (destructive – reprimand gifts); caused by inter-village/clan politics |
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| Rivalry (type of Potlatch) |
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Definition
| inter-village/clan politics (destructive – reprimand gifts); caused by inter-village/clan politics |
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| a showy display of wealth for social prestige |
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| Collective Representations |
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| beliefs so important that we would never criticize or question them. |
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| (Sir James Frazer) Magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes called sympathetic magic. |
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| (Sir James Frazer) Magic based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken. |
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| Elders are in charge. In Yanomamo, older men in charge. |
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| public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multienthnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country’s borders |
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| pertaining to magic, astrology, or any system claiming use or knowledge of secret or supernatural powers or agencies |
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| shape shifters and witches that cause harm to people by attacking them at night. They cause mortal danger |
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| widow marries brother of her deceased husband |
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| widower marries sister of deceased wife |
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| the name of a Shuar house built very close together, you have to walk sideways to get through it. It is a series of lean-tos in a circle to form a plaza in the center. House is a defensive palisade. |
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| demonstrate bravery, acquisition of arutam soul (plus 2 others). The shrunken head taken by the Shuar people. |
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| Sanctions are forces applied to people to get them to conform to social norms; rewards given to conform (such as awards or trophies) |
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| a psychological anthropologist. He studied American Indians in northeast. He is a theorist on religion and invented concept of revitalization. He contributed to the theory of religion by writing a book. |
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| American, defined status, role, social identity: Status-rules (norms) which guide one half of a bipolar relationship; Norms-the behavioral aspect of status; Social identity-what society calls a role (husband, mother) |
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| Founder of French to live in reserves. Along with Edward Tylor-“Marry out or die out” structuralism, culture ultimately based in cognitive dualistic oppositions such as Nature vs. Culture. |
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| first defined Culture in the English Language, that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other customs acquired by mankind as a member of society. |
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| Unilineal Evolution; a lawyer who defended the Irroqua Indians and their property; defined the 5 levels of culture (band, tribe, chiefdom, state, civilization) |
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| Law of sympathy is like produces like. Contagious magic good and evil influence people through contact scape goats, usually rabbits. (The Golden Bough, magic is a false science) |
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| According to this man, magic lowers anxiety, provides social coordination and the confidence that victory is possible with extra supernatural help. So magic actually works. |
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| Co-creator of the linguistic relativity theory. Developed symbols for the phonetic alphabet. And that alphabet was created for higher accuracy and systems can be used to distinguish languages. |
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| student of Franz Boaz who was influential who wrote book and was involved with evaluating Japanese culture during WWII. Saying the emperor should not be executed because it would cause chaos. |
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| Under Boaz; she did her study in the Pacific around New Guinea and she looked at child-raising techniques and asked questions like why are American teens so rebellious. Came to conclusion that child-raising techniques have much influence |
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| economist who talked about different types of economic distribution in the world: reciprocity, redistribution, and the market principal |
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| was an early 19th century military leader of Zulu who reformulated the Zulu clan and turned them into a highly organized very aggressive military society; conquered lots of South Africa. |
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| One of the first anthropologists to take up study of symbols. Symbolic nature of culture created creativity to occur which other animals couldn’t do. |
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| spirit of capitalism, economist, ,sociologist, religion and entrepreneurship. (person) |
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| (cultural materialism)- males fight to preserve the stability of the economy; Hunting territories must be very large because the tropical forest is protein deficient. War results from population pressure and personal antagonisms, revenge seeking. Humans act to improve their long-term securing and their material well-being. The Yanomamo act to preserve their supply of protein. |
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| (person) why do people believe in religion?- the glue that holds society together. Collective representation- beliefs so important that we would never criticize or question them: God, souls, the American flag. Mechanical and organic solidarity. |
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| (person) defined totemism. Is British, has a set of customary beliefs and practices that set up a special system of relations between a society, the plants, animals and other objects that are important. |
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| cultural ecology school, 1. the parallel evolution of different cultures to similar ecosystems. 2. Specific technologies are responsible for shaping life ways in similar environments. 3. Culture core- a complex of interrelated institutions which relate to making a living. It may include patterns of social organization (organizing work). |
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| First wrote a sophisticated grammar system of Sandskrit or any language. First person to write such an intense grammar system down. |
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| MIT mathematician, wrote syntactic structures. Establishes new mathematical basis for understanding the rules of grammar. Generative-transformational grammar, to generate to account for the all of |
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| cargo prophet who was to bring them to practice. |
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| people with small stature, dark skin, curly hair, living in South Africa. They have been pushed off their traditional hunting grounds and forced |
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| talked about the rites of passage. He believed that religion was really about the holding together of society. (separation-transition-reincorporation) |
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Definition
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| He was concerned with how specific institutions have come to have a dominant place in the lives of the people of a culture. Called overriding institutions or themes(example: gerontocracy) |
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| wrote tongue in cheek book. Was interested in how Americans use wealth socially to display wealth to show off social importance. (kinda like a big potlatch) |
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| Edward Sapir’s student who started as a fire inspector. Interested in the power of language used in panic situations. Used experience with the Hopi Indians to develop theory of linguistic relativity that diverse interpretations of reality embodied in language structures yield demonstrable influences on thought. Meaning-partially grammatical. |
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| (person) 1909-animatism-(animatism=mana, impersonal force) a belief that nature is animated (enlivened or energized) by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies. Spirits such as souls and ghosts are thought to dwell in humans and animals but also in human-made artifacts, plants, stones, mountains, wells, and other natural features. |
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| Creative use of human imagination to interpret, express and engage life. |
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| A term used in anthropology to describe verbal art (unwritten oral literature) |
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| A long dramatic narrative focusing on the great deeds of heroic figures, often sung. |
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| A creative story which does not claim to be true. It may involve either human or animal characters. |
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| A stable folkloric element which is remarkable and through this, has mnemonic value. It helps us to remember details of a story. Examp.: Cinderella’s glass slipper. |
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| The culture from which the lore or art arose. |
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| Who owns folklore and folk art? |
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| The movement of cultural forms geographically across the globe or between two places. |
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| the movement of ideas about cultural forms or institutions but without the movement of the actual entities. |
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| They voided modernization until faced with annihilation; they then founded Shuar Federation to protect their culture |
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Definition
| What did the Shuar do? Why are they important? |
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| Snowmobiles were introduced, and their reindeer herding decreased because they then had to find wage earning jobs to support the snowmobiles. It created a stratification in the society as a result, and much of the culture was lost. Reindeer have also been de-domesticated as a result of decreased herding/herders. |
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Definition
| What happened to the Saami? |
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| A new geologic era; mass extinction of major species; transformations of the land surface of the entire globe due to 6,884,841,738 people |
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| Spread of products such as Coke and Toyota. Increasingly higher levels of communication worldwide. Increased ease of worldwide travel. Media, TV programs are watched worldwide. The unification of multiple states such as the European Union. |
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Definition
| Why do people believe we are moving towards a single world culture? |
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| The tendency for large states to fragment (Soviet Union). The forces of resistance to domination by a single culture. Revitalization. Revolution, ethnic resurgence, and struggles for independence. The rise of NGOs and ethnically based special interest associations. The occasional success of indigenous political movements for their rights (Shuar). |
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Definition
| Why are we probably NOT moving towards a single global culture? |
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| A society with multiple Cultural segments, each with their own economic, religious and social institutions-even languages- all under one central type government. |
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| An indigenous revitalization movement; NGOs, intervention from Mexico, the CIA, liberation theology of certain the Catholic priests. |
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Definition
| What outside force directly affected the political change in Guatemala, causing the widespread genocide of the Mayan population? |
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| An organization based in Massachusetts that works to help preserve cultures from around the world through anthropological research, documentation, and involvement of legal means as needed. Believes that they should have the right to live as they choose and make decisions regarding that to maintain their cultures. |
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| small number of people controlling global issues, economics, etc. |
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| Refugees, exiles, tourists, illegal immigrants |
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| cell phones, computers, cyber attacks |
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| Huge flows of money influence and subvert decision makers everywhere. |
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| Movies and TV, Videos; shape perceptions. |
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| Ideologies in competition with those of the national states including the democracies. |
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| Anthropologist who theorizes that national borders increasingly unimportant. The “scapes” listed above are more increasingly important. |
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| Institutional power which organizes and orchestrates transformations in societies against their will and knowledge, generally for the profit of others. This includes mind colonization and cultural hegemony. |
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| The idea that choice is an illusion. We are taught one thing from the time we are born, and that is the ideal we struggle for. We make “choices” based on misinformation colonized in our minds throughout our lifetime, so we are not actually making a choice of free will. |
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