Term
|
Definition
| one's own immune system is activated |
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Term
|
Definition
| results from an infection |
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|
Term
| Artificial Active Immunity |
|
Definition
| results from vaccinations |
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Term
| Artificial Passive Immunity |
|
Definition
| injections of immune globulins |
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Term
|
Definition
| one's own immune system is NOT activated, one is given immunoglobulins |
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Term
|
Definition
| from mother; IgG (placenta) and IgA (milk) |
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Term
|
Definition
| virus "vaccine" is named after |
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Term
|
Definition
| first altered preparations of microbes to generate immunity against the fully virulent organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of anthrax (a bacterium) |
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Term
| Effective vaccine requirements (3) |
|
Definition
1. be safe to administer
2. induce the right sort of immunity
3. be affordable |
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of vaccine that consists of either natural (few) or attenuated (most) organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| eight attenuated vaccines |
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Definition
| polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, varicella-zoster, rotavirus, Bacille Calmette-Guerin |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of polio |
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Term
| oral administration of this vaccine against polio |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of measles |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of mumps |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of rubella |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of yellow fever |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of varicella-zoster |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of rotavirus |
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| danger of "live" whole organism vaccines (2) |
|
Definition
1. certain attenuated microbes are prone to reversion
2. a small percentage of vaccine recipients develop complications |
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|
Term
| Inactivated or "Killed" vaccines (whole organism) |
|
Definition
| a class of vaccines in which the organism is intact, but non-living; thus, unable to cause disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of Q fever |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of plague |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of cholera |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of typhoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of pertussis |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of hepatitis A |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of influenza |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of rabies |
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Term
|
Definition
| Class of vaccines in which components or subunits of the target pathogen are used (toxoids, capsular polysaccharides, and recombinant protein antigens) |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of tetanus |
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Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheria |
|
Definition
| etiological agent of diphtheria |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of cholera |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of gas gangrene |
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Term
| three etiological agents that are part of the DPT |
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Definition
| Bordetella pertussis (pertussis), Clostridium tetani (tetanus), and Corynebacterium diphtheria (diphtheria) |
|
|
Term
| three etiological agents that are part of the MMR |
|
Definition
| Red measles virus (measles), mumps virus (mumps), and German measles virus (measles) |
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|
Term
| the four types of subunit vaccines |
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Definition
| toxoids, bacterial polysaccharide capsules, viral glycoproteins, recombinantly-synthesized pathogen proteins and synthetic peptides |
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Term
|
Definition
| tetanus, diphtheria, cholera, gas gangrene |
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|
Term
| Bacterial polysaccharide capsules |
|
Definition
| subunit vaccine that causes the formation of opsonizing antibody |
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Term
| two bacterial polysaccharide capsules vaccines |
|
Definition
| pneumococcal pneumonia and bacterial meningitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Term
|
Definition
| etiological agent of bacterial meningitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| subunit vaccine that are candidate vaccines and are still under clinical trials (e.g. HIV, herpes simplex virus type 2 - genital herpes) |
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|
Term
| Haemophilus influenza type B |
|
Definition
| etiological agent of bacterial meningitis |
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Term
| mechanism of DNA Vaccines |
|
Definition
1. inject into muscles
2. cell take up DNA
3. express gene
4. translation to protein
5. activates both CMI and humoral immunity |
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Term
| Recombinant vector vaccines |
|
Definition
| using attenuated viruses or bacteria as vectors for Ag of other pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| vaccinia virus, canary pox virus, yellow fever virus, and Salmonella typhimurium |
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Term
|
Definition
| Haemophilus Influenza (strain B) |
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Term
| CD8+ T cytotoxic cells and CD4+ TH1 cells |
|
Definition
| most important components of cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytokines activated TH1 cells produce in cell-mediated antiviral mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| helps to activate CTL and NK cells |
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Term
| Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell
2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways
3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens
4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression |
|
|
Term
| hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) |
|
Definition
| specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| helps attach virus to host cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| helps viral budding from host cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| induces surrounding cells to enter an antiviral state; activate NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps to activate CTL and NK cells |
|
|
Term
| Viral Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Viral genomes encode proteins that inhibit antiviral proteins made by the host cell
2. Viruses produce proteins that inhibit the complement pathways
3. Viruses escape the host immune system by changing their antigens
4. Viruses evade the immune system by causing generalized immuno-suppression |
|
|
Term
| hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) |
|
Definition
| specific glycoproteins enveloping the virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps attach virus to host cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| helps viral budding from host cells |
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|
Term
| designation of the viral strains |
|
Definition
1. types A, B, or C
2. animal host of origin
3. geographical origin
4. strain #
5. year of isolation
6. Ag description of HA and NA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (mainly changes to HA and NA)of surface proteins makes AB against one strain virtually useless against other strains |
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Term
|
Definition
| series of spontaneous point mutations that occur gradually to HA, NA, minor changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| sudden emergence of a new subtype with very different HA and NA |
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Term
| method of causing Ag shift |
|
Definition
| re-assortment when a cell is co-infected with two different viruses |
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Term
| Two Host responses to Influenza infection |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Response to Infections by extracellular bacteria |
|
Definition
1. induce Ab production
2. toxin neutralization
3. C-mediated lysis
4. opsonization and phagocytosis
5. anaphylatoxins stimulate mast cell degranulation, vasodilation, extravasation of WBCs
6. chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| Response to an infection by bacteria leading to intracellular growth |
|
Definition
1. induce a CMI, especially DTH
2. T(DTH) cells secrete IFN-gamma, activates macrophages |
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Term
| Bacterial Evasion of Host-Defense Mechanisms (5) |
|
Definition
1. structures for enhanced attachment (pili, adhesion molecules)
2. protease to digest secretory IgA for enhanced attachment; avoid agglutination
3. surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis (fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein)
4. Resistance to C-mediated lysis
5. Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| fibrin coat, polysaccharide capsule, M protein |
|
Definition
| surface structures that inhibit phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| structure of bacteria that prevent MAC insertion |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterial enzyme that inactivates C3a and C5a |
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|
Term
| Mechanisms for survival inside phagocytes |
|
Definition
1. Escape the phagolysosome, grow in cytoplasm
2. Block lysosome fusion with phagosome |
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|
Term
| Contributions of Immune Response to Bacterial Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
1. overproduction of cytokines
2. T(DTH) secrete cytokines, which causes an accumulation of macrophages, which leads to granuloma formation, which results in tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diphtherotoxin (definition) |
|
Definition
| secreted exotoxin that causes diphtheria |
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Term
|
Definition
| causes formation of tough fibrous 'pseudomembrane' in the nasopharynx, can lead to suffocation |
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|
Term
| diphtherotoxin (systemic effects) |
|
Definition
| myocardial damage can lead to congestive heart failure; neurological damage can lead to mild weakness to complete paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene found in bacteria with lysogenic phage beta that causes the production of the exotoxin, diphtherotoxin |
|
|
Term
| How to make vaccine for diphtheria? |
|
Definition
| treating diphtherotoxin with formaldehyde (toxoid vaccine) |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (causes) |
|
Definition
| main bacterium that causes tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (function) |
|
Definition
| inhibit the formation of phagolysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of patients in which T(DTH) cells are active, macrophages come, and formation of tubercle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of patients in which they experience chronic pulmonary TB or Extrapulmonary TB |
|
|
Term
| Baceille-Calmette-Guerin vaccine |
|
Definition
| vaccine that uses an attenuated strain of M. bovis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| characteristic bull's eye-rash; bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) is carried by a tick, enters the blood |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bacterium that causes Lyme Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place and year of Lyme Disease - Borrelia burgdorferi discovery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. selectin family
2. mucin-like family
3. integrin family
4. immunoglobulin superfamily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E-selectin and P-selectin |
|
Definition
| selectins expressed on vascular endothelial cells during an inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavily glycosylated; great binding sites for lectins and selectins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| heterodimeric proteins, some bind ECM molecules, some bind CAMs |
|
|
Term
| Ig-Superfamily CAMs (ICAMs) |
|
Definition
| several expressed on vascular endothelial cells, bind to integrins |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cell adhesion molecule that has both Ig-like domains and mucin-like domains |
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Term
|
Definition
| superfamily of small polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. control adhesion
2. chemotaxis
3. activation of many leukocytes
4. regulators of leukocyte traffic
5. involved in inflammation, lymphocyte development, brain/heart development, angiogenesis, and wound healing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| placement of this amino acid determines the subgroup placements of chemokines |
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Term
|
Definition
| 7-pass G-protein-linked receptors (CCR, CXCR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Rolling
2. Activation by chemoattractant stimulus
3. Arrest and adhesion
4. Extravasation |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils (extravasation) |
|
Definition
| first cells to bind and extravasate when endothelial cells are inflamed and P-selectin is on their surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these cells take longer to get activated because the endothelial ligands needed for binding take longer to be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typical locations of lymphocyte extravasation |
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| location where naive lymphocytes become activated, enlarge, and become lymphoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these cells 'home' selectively to tissue type where they first encountered Ag |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| these cells 'home' to regions of infection, recognizing inflamed vascular endothelium and localized chemokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this plasma-clotting factor is activated after tissue injury: it activates kallikrein which cleaves kininogen to produce bradykinin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase of vascular permeability, vasodilation, pain, and smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b (is a C5 convertase!) think: Kinin system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this system yields fibrin-generated mediators of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this acts upon fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin and fibrinopeptides which together begin clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory mediators of the clotting system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system in which its purpose is to remove fibrin clots; converts plasminogen into plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down fibrin clots into products that chemoattract neutrophils, and also activates the classical complement pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaphylatoxins that induce degranulation of mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these cause monocytes, neutrophils to adhere to vascular endothelium, extravasate, and migrate to the site of C activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these cytokines are pyrogenic, increase vascular permability, activate T- and B- lymphocytes, and synthesize acute-phase proteins by liver |
|
|
Term
| prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
|
Definition
| Arachidonic acid is converted into these via cyclooxygenase pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arachidonic acid is converted into this via lipoxygenase pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These block the cyclooxygenase enzymes to prevent inflammation |
|
|
Term
| non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
Definition
| aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol); inhibit cyclooxygenase enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| Localized inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function; brought about largely due to histamine, prastaglandins, bradykinin, fibrinopeptides; causes vasodilation, increase of vascular permeability, and accumulation of fluid in tissues |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Acute-Phase Response |
|
Definition
| fever, increased production of hormones like ACTH, hydrocortisone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predisolone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone |
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|
